选择知识点

The Lifecycle of a T-shirt
  We all probably have a lot of T-shirts,but do you ever stop and think about the influence of a T-shirt on the planet？You'd probably be surprised to learn what's involved in the lifecycle of just one T-shirt.
  There are 5 major stages：material,production,shipping,use and disposal.The material stage involves farming,irrigating,fertilizing,harvesting and ginning（轧花）.While cotton is a natural fiber（纤维）and not as harmful to the environment as manmade fibers,it still takes a toll in the material and production stages.Commercial cotton farming uses a large amount of water,and the use of pesticides（杀虫剂）is widespread across the globe,especially in cotton farming.Studies have shown that farmers spend around $4.1 billion on pesticides annually,of which 25% was spent on cotton crops in the US.
  Once the cotton is grown and harvested,so begins the production stage：spinning,knitting（编织），bleaching,dyeing,cutting,sewing,etc.-these processes also use a great deal of water and energy.Commercial dyes and bleaches are harmful pollutants and can eventually pollute groundwater.
  After the T-shirt is produced,it enters the transportation stage.This often involves overseas shipping.Take a look in your closet.Chances are that most of your cotton garments（衣服）are made in China or India.Garments can be shipped via plane,ship or truck…，all of which spill CO₂ into the atmosphere.Calculations show that CO₂ emissions from light trucks alone amount to 1.15 pounds per mile.
  Once the T-shirt reaches the retail market,it is purchased.This stage may seem like the least environmentally damaging part.But consider the number of times you've washed and dried your favorite T-shirt.Washing machines are certainly becoming more efficient.However,the average American household does 400 loads of laundry per year,using about 40 gallons of water per load.Such excessive water use is combined with the large amount of energy used by dryers.
  The final stage of its life is disposal.This releases harmful emissions,or involves a landfill where cotton takes years to break down.Current US records show that an estimated 15% of clothes and shoes are recycled,which means that consumers send a shocking 85% of these materials to landfills.
  We all need new clothes every once in a while,but let's all try to keep in mind what goes into the production of clothing…It has a real impact on the planet.
  There are a lot of things you can do to help reduce your impact.Reuse and recycle clothes.If they're too worn out to wear,cut them up and use them as cleaning rags.Donate them to charity or another organization that recycles textiles.When possible,make an effort to buy organic cotton.Turn down the thermostat（恒温器）on your washer,and line dry your clothes when the weather will allow it.



The underlined phrase "takes a toll" probably means " ______ ".

A. wastes water
B. takes a lot of time
C. uses energy
D. has a bad effect

We can learn from the passage that in the US， ______ .

A. pesticides in cotton farming cost over 4 billion dollars every year
B. CO₂ emissions of land transport amount to 1.15 pounds per mile
C. about 15% of the clothes and shoes are made of materials that are recycled
D. about 16，000 gallons of water is used annually by an average family on laundry

What can be inferred from this passage？ ______

A. The production process may affect water safety.
B. The clothing cost is relatively low in China and India.
C. Cotton clothes are buried because they are hard to break down.
D. The use stage is the least environmentally harmful of the five stages.

What is the purpose of this article？ ______

A. To encourage people to donate clothes to charity.
B. To promote eco-friendly actions related to clothes.
C. To persuade people to purchase more organic cotton.
D. To introduce the five stages in the lifecycle of clothing.

-Not getting that interview opportunity was a big letdown.
-It's no big deal. Something better will _____.（　　）

Some experts and educators agree that difficulties and hardships can ______the best in teenagers.（　　）

Wildlife faces threats（威胁）from habitat destruction,pollution,and other human actions.Although protecting wildlife may seem too hard at times,even small actions in your own neighborhood can help protect many different animals.Here are some tips on how to protect wildlife through small actions.
  1．Create wildlife friendly areas in your backyard.
  When trying to make your garden more beautiful,you can choose plants that can provide food and shelter to native wildlife.This will also help cut down on pollution.Add bird or bat houses to your yard or garden to attract and shelter these species.
  2．Avoid harming the natural ecosystem（生态系统）in your area.
  Some plants from other places can kill or harm native plants that provide food and shelter for wildlife.
  3．Have a greener lifestyle.
  By using less water and fewer fuels,you will be helping to protect the wildlife around you.Take buses or the subway when you can,turn off electric devices when you're not using them,take shorter showers,and keep your room temperature at or below 68 Fahrenheit degrees during the winter.
  4．Buy products that are wildlife friendly.
  Don't buy products that are made from endangered animals.Keep in mind that some endangered animals are killed by traps,catches or hunters who are after other wildlife within the same habitat.
  5．Donate money or time to organizations that protect wildlife and their habitats.
  You can give money to organizations or groups that protect wildlife species in your neighborhood.



We infer that the purpose of this passage is to ______ ．

A. tell us why protecting wildlife is extremely important now
B. suggest that we protect wildlife through actions
C. explain why protecting wildlife is not as hard as people think
D. give us some tips on how to protect wildlife through small actions

The following lifestyles are all green EXCEPT ______ ．

A. taking subway to work
B. showering less than usual
C. leaving your computers on all day
D. keeping your room right temperature

Which of the following threats to wildlife is NOT mentioned in the passage？ ______

A. Animal diseases.
B. Loss of habitat.
C. Pollution.
D. Hunters.

In which section of a newspaper would you most probably read this passage？ ______

A. Environment.
B. Teaching.
C. Business.
D. Geography.

The USA，New York-Whales and dolphins are facing increasing threats from climate change,according to a new report published by WWF（World Wildlife Fund）and the Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society（WDCS）．
  The report "Whales in hot water？" draws attention to the growing impacts of climate change on whales.They range from changes in sea temperature and the freshening of the seawater because of the melting of ice and increased rainfalls,to a sea level rise,loss of icy polar habitats and the decline of krill populations in key areas. Krill,a tiny shrimp that is dependent on sea ice,is the main source of food for many of the great whales.
  The speeding up of climate change adds greatly to trouble from other human activities,such as chemical and noise pollution,which kills some 1，000 whales every day.
  "Whales and dolphins have an ability to adapt to their changing environment," said Mark Simmonds,International Director of Science at WDCS．"But the climate is now changing at such a fast pace that it is unclear to what extent whales and dolphins will be able to adjust."
  Climate change impacts are currently greatest in the Arctic and the Antarctic.According to the report,whales that rely on polar,icy water for their home and food resources are likely to be greatly affected by the reduction of sea ice cover.
  WDCS and WWF are urging governments to cut global production of CO₂ by at least 50 percent by the middle of this century. The latest report of the Intergovern-mental Panel on Climate Change showed it was possible to stop global warming if the world's emissions start to decline before 2015．



What is the literary type of this passage？ ______

A. Story.
B. Announcement.
C. News.
D. Novel.

From the passage,we can learn that whales mainly feed on ______ ．

A. dolphins
B. krill
C. sea horses
D. sharks

In what place is climate change the greatest？ ______

A. The Pacific Ocean.
B. Asia.
C. Two polar areas.
D. Equator.

Which of the following is NOT right according to the passage？ ______

A. Climate change will lead to the changes in sea temperature.
B. Climate change will result in the freshening of the sea water.
C. Climate change will have a bad effect on human activities and whales.
D. Human beings will forever have no ability to stop global warming

  Sunstroke is a condition that can quickly go from dangerous to deadly, especially if proper care isn't given immediately.
  Sunstroke, sometimes called heatstroke, is a result of the body temperature rising above the safe limit. This causes the body's necessary functions to stop working.
  It's usually pretty easy to avoid sunstroke, as long as proper  action is taken. In that case, you need to act as quickly as possible to return that person's body to a safe temperature. Here are a few tips to help treat sunstroke.
  Call for help
  Call to get an ambulance as quickly as possible. This should be the first thing you do, especially if the sunstroke person has fainted（昏倒）. Also, call for help from anyone nearby if you're in a public place. If there's no one around, call someone nearby if they can get there sooner than an ambulance. Ask everyone to bring you as much water as possible, if there isn't much nearby.
  Get the person to a cooler area
  If there's a building nearby, aim for that. Anywhere with plenty of air conditioners and water is perfect. If a building isn't available, bring the person to a well-shaded area.
  Get the water flowing
  If the person is still conscious, get him or her to drink water. If there's a bathtub available, fill it with cool water and put the person in it.
  If your water supply is limited, you have to save it. Dampen a towel or shirt and put it on the person's body. Focus on the face, neck, and chest.
  Fan the person
  Getting moving air over the person cools him or her down. Use anything, a towel or sheet, a shirt, your hands, or a piece of board. This is where having many people around really helps, as they can combine to fan the entire body.



When does a person get sunstroke？ ______

A. When the body doesn't function.
B. When proper care is given immediately.
C. When someone is exposed to the sun too long.
D. When the body temperature goes up beyond what one can bear.

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the text？ ______

A. Call for assistance from others.
B. Leave the sunstroke person in the shade.
C. Put a wet towel on the person's face.
D. Help the person take some medicine.

What is mainly discussed in the passage？ ______

A. The first aid for sunstroke.
B. The causes of sunstroke.
C. The chief symptoms of sunstroke.
D. The essential prevention of sunstroke.

The text probably comes from  a （n） ______ .

A. guidebook
B. book review
C. medical magazine
D. official document

Each year there are at least five million people around the world who develop serious flu（流感），and almost half a million deaths.When someone we know gets the flu virus,we expect them to be very careful not to pass it on to others.Doctors and nurses working with flu patients also need to protect themselves from the virus.But what is the best way to do this？This is the question that flu expert Professor Jonathan Van-Tam at Nottingham University is trying to answer.He wants to find out how flu is transmitted，so that he can stop doctors and nurses getting sick.
  Van-Tam explains their method,"There are 41 volunteers in my experiment.Some healthy volunteers are made to get flu first.When they show symptoms,other volunteers,usually called recipients（接受者），enter the house.Everyone lives together in the small space for four days.Some of the recipients wear face masks,and wash their hands every 15 minutes,but some have no protection.In this way we can study who catches the flu and which ways of transmitting flu are important.During the four days when they are in contact with the virus,and for the ten days after that,the flu recipients are checked regularly."
  The experiment is not simple and it is very expensive.It is difficult to design correctly,and it is also difficult to plan and carry out.Just one study like this takes about 18 months to organise and needs hundreds of people working on it.But Van-Tam believes it is worth because the results will help to decide what type of protection is needed for people working in hospitals with large numbers of flu patients around the world.And perhaps it could reduce the number of deaths from flu each year.



Which word can replace the underlined word "transmitted" in paragraph 1？ ______

A. Solved.
B. Passed.
C. Formed.
D. Stopped.

What is the main purpose of this study？ ______

A. To find out who gets the flu easily.
B. To reduce the number of people who die of flu.
C. To test the medicines for people who develop serious flu.
D. To find the best way to protect doctors and nurses from the flu.

According to the text,which of the statements is true？ ______

A. This type of study lasted 18 months.
B. The experiment is neither simple nor expensive.
C. Wearing masks was the best way to protect people from getting flu.
D. Recipients were divided into at least 2 groups to perform the experiment.

  If you have an allergy to some food, even a very tiny bit of food can make you sick. Lots of kids have food allergies - about 3 million in the United States alone.
The foods that cause the most food allergies include peanuts and other nuts； seafood, such as shrimp； milk, particularly cow's milk； eggs； wheat.
  What Is a Food Allergy？
  Food allergies occur when your immune system makes a mistake. Usually, your immune system protects you from germs and disease. It does this by making antibodies that help you fight off bacteria, viruses, and other tiny organisms that can make you sick. But if you have a food allergy, your immune system mistakenly treats something in a certain food as if it's really dangerous to you.
  What's a Reaction Like？
  In the most serious cases, a food allergy can cause anaphylaxis （过敏症）. This is a sudden, severe allergic reaction in which several problems occur all at once and can involve the skin, breathing,digestion,the heart and blood vessels. A person's blood pressure can drop, breathing tubes can narrow and the tongue can swell. People at risk for this kind of reaction have to be very careful and need a plan for handling emergencies, when they might need to get special medicine to stop these symptoms from getting worse.
  What Will the Doctor Do？
  If you think you may be allergic to a certain food,let your parents know. They will take you to the doctor to get it checked out. If your doctor thinks you might have a food allergy,he or she will probably send you to see a doctor who specializes in allergies. The allergy specialist will ask you about past reactions and how long it takes between eating the food and getting the symptom,such as hives. The allergist also may ask about whether anyone else in your family has allergies or other allergy-related conditions. The allergist may also want to do a skin test. This is a way of seeing how your body reacts to a very small amount of the food that is giving you trouble.



According to the passage, you will have a food allergy when your immune system ______ .

A. recognizes tiny organisms in a certain food
B. mistakenly makes antibodies to help fight off something in a certain food
C. prevents something harmful in the food from entering your digestive system
D. releases chemicals to remove harmful things in a certain food

In the sudden and severe allergic reaction, which of the following may happen？ ______

A. Blood pressure rising.
B. Lips swelling.
C. Breathing difficulty.
D. Heart beating becoming slow.

Which of the following suggestions is given to those at risk of severe allergic reaction？ ______

A. Taking medicine as soon as an allergic reaction appears.
B. Avoiding eating any food when going outside.
C. Always carrying with special medicine for possible symptoms.
D. Preparing a plan for dealing with emergencies ahead of time.

What will an allergist do to check your food allergy out？ ______

A. Ask you about the allergy-associated information.
B. Give you some medicine right away.
C. Enquire about your present feeling towards the food.
D. Give you a shot of liquid extract of food.

Many of us love summer because it's the season when vegetables are in abundance.Fresh vegetables have almost all of the nutrients that our body requires.
  Fresh cabbage is an excellent source of natural vitamin C.It also contains an adequate number of minerals. Sweet carrot is notably rich in antioxidants（抗氧化物），vitamins and dietary fiber.Onion is a rich source of chromium（铬），a mineral that helps cells respond appropriately to insulin（胰岛素） levels in the blood.As for me,tomato,juicy and delicious,is a wonderful gift to the world.Besides,it contains very good levels of vitamin A and vitamin C，and antioxidants,which are scientifically found to be protective against cancers.
  Eat at least 5-7 servings of fresh vegetables every day.Seasonal vegetables should be encouraged.Whenever possible,go for organic farm vegetables to get maximum health benefits.Organic ones tend to be smaller but have rich flavour,possess some good concentration of vitamins and minerals and are loaded with numerous health benefiting antioxidants.
  After shopping your choice of vegetables,the first thing you need to do is to wash them thoroughly,especially leafy green vegetables.Soak in salt water for a few minutes,and gently wash in cool water until you are satisfied with the cleanliness.This way you insure they are free from dirt sand and any chemical sprays.If you need to store them,then place inside plastic wrappings in order to preserve their nutrition for short periods until you use them.However,the best way is to use them early while fresh because,firstly,certain vegetables have a very short period of life and secondly,the health benefiting qualities of vegetables declines with time.



What does the author seem to like about tomatoes？ ______

A. They contain chromium.
B. They are high in minerals.
C. They have a pleasant taste.
D. They can control insulin levels.

Which of the followings is not the advantage of organic farm vegetables？ ______

A. Having more vitamins and minerals.
B. Containing more antioxidants.
C. Having smaller size.
D. Being delicious.

Which is the best choice about choosing vegetables？ ______

A. Fresh and nutritious vegetables.
B. Delicious and bigger vegetables.
C. Juicy and smaller vegetables.
D. Seasonal and organic vegetables.

From which is the text probably taken？ ______

A. A biology textbook.
B. A health magazine.
C. A research paper.
D. A travel brochure.

As a high school senior,Kimmarie Pond had never even considered cycling to get fit. That changed after she participated（参加） in Soul-Cycle's program called Soul Scholarships.
  The program teaches healthy lifestyle lessons to teens from New York's suburbs,where healthy living isn't always discussed in schools or the community.
  The 17-year-old girl was asked if she thought she was too old to learn about living a healthy lifestyle."I would say that you're never too old to learn anything," Pond replied. "I don't think cycling is that hard," she added.
  Like Pond, Brown said his favorite part of the program came after they got off the bikes."We take nutrition classes, where we learn about alternative（可供替代的） food choices, healthy options that encourage us to be more healthy," he said.
  "Adapting（适应） to change," he added, "is not something I'd necessarily do, but I did it, and for me that means everything."
  Early results are positive,and not just for Brown.About one third of the participants did not exercise before joining the program.Now,95 percent of the participants are working out regularly.The participants are also reported to have cut back on soda, which can have a high sugar content, by 46 percent.
  "We have never expected that the kids would be so energetic and devoted to the program," said Ashley Mashihi, a cycling instructor.
  Small steps can mean big change for these teens.Maria Caban says she feels different now."When I walk out," she says, "I walk with my head up. I feel a lot of pride in my participation."



Kimmarie Pond had never thought of keeping fit by ______ ．

A. learning a healthy lifestyle
B. joining a group
C. riding a bicycle
D. going on a diet

Which part of the program does Brown like best？ ______

A. Discussing healthy options.
B. Riding a bike.
C. Learning something new.
D. Taking nutrition classes.

Since they joined the program, the percentage of participants who work out regularly has risen by ______ ．

A. about 28%
B. about 62%
C. about 85%
D. about 95%

How is Maria Caban feeling now？ ______

A. She is feeling painful.
B. She is feeling confident.
C. She is feeling embarrassed.
D. She is feeling excited.