选择知识点

In a book called Magnificent Obsession,by Lloyd C．Douglas,a description is given of people helping others but doing it secretly.When difficult problems worried an individual,friends nearby would meet to discuss possible solutions without the individual knowing their actions.When a solution was agreed upon,one or two of the friends would carry out the plan and solve the problem secretly,to the great delight of the worried individual.The helpers would stand by privately,content with their success.No reward was given to the problem solvers,not even a sincere "thank you"，because they were never known.
This concept is popular today but in a different way.The phrase " pay it forward" is now used when one person helps another.However,the person helped may not be able to repay the person or group that helped them.So rather than return the favor to their helpers,they are supposed to help someone else in the future,which means they pay it forward.It is a sense of responsibility which makes us want to give back in equal measure to the one who has helped us.But,in this case,the responsibility turns to helping someone in the future.
Suppose your elderly grandmother pays part of your schooling.She may tell you there is no need to repay her because it is a gift from someone who loves you very much.Nothing would please her more than to have you use her money to get a good education.
You may never be able to repay her for such a gift.However,she not only gave you some money,but she provided you with an example that you should also help other people who need it.
People with serious needs are everywhere.Many are children who need better clothes,more books and even better schools.Some are elderly people who can't afford their medicine or a doctor's care.Consider how you can "pay it forward" rather than pay money back to your grandmother.



The helpers in the book "Magnificent Obsession" were not rewarded because ______ .

A. they hadn't solved the problems thoroughly
B. they expected to be paid back in the future
C. they were friends of the worried individual
D. they had solved the problems secretly

The underlined word "pay it forward" means ______ .

A. to repay someone who has helped you
B. to help someone else who needs help
C. to help someone who has helped you
D. to pay someone else who needs help

What does the writer suggest with the example of "your elderly grandmother"？ ______

A. We should also lend a hand to other people in need of help.
B. We should work hard to get a good education.
C. We should learn to respect our grandparents.
D. We should never forget to repay people for their help.

By writing the passage,the author wishes people in the world to be ______ .

A. honest
B. mysterious
C. unselfish
D. unforgettable

Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.
In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A special danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538， the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV， king of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman（贵族）had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.
Though the belief in the advantage of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18th century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical ways of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness（清洁标准） have moved beyond science since World War Ⅱ. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea：clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt,however, gone too far？
Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary,Mary,an American immunologist（免疫学家）， encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter position is gaining some ground.



The kings of France and England in the 16th century closed bath houses because ______ .

A. they lived healthily in a dirty environment.
B. they thought bath houses were too dirty to stay in.
C. they considered bathing as cause of skin disease.
D. they believed disease could be spread in public baths.

Which of the following best describes（描述） Henry IV's attitude to bathing？ ______

A. Afraid.
B. Curious.
C. Supportive.
D. Uninterested.

How does the passage mainly develop？ ______

A. By providing examples.
B. By making comparison.
C. By following the order of time.
D. By following the order of importance.

What's the author's purpose in writing the passage？ ______

A. To stress the role of dirt.
B. To show the change of views on dirt.
C. To call attention to the danger of dirt.
D. To introduce the history of dirt.

We all know that a healthy life means getting both plenty of exercise and enough good-quality sleep,but reality often gets in the way.The new research indicates that doing enough exercise could make up for some of the unhealthy impacts of bad sleep.While the health benefits of exercise and sleep are nothing new,it's the relationship between them that is interesting in this particular study — it could even give doctors another option to suggest for patients dealing with sleep problems.
"We found those who had both the poorest sleep quality and who exercised the least were most at risk of death from heart disease,stroke,and cancer," says epidemiologist Bo-Huei Huang,from the University of Sydney in Australia.
Participants were grouped into three levels of physical activity（high,medium or low）and were also given a sleep quality score from 0-5 based on the amount of shut-eye they got,how late they stayed up,insomnia,snoring and daytime sleepiness.
Those with the highest risk of dying from cancer or heart disease during the study period were those with the worst quality sleep and who didn't meet the WHO recommended guidelines for exercise.That risk went down for people with poor quality sleep but who did meet the exercise guidelines.
In the case of all forms of cancer,for example,those at the unhealthiest end of the sleep and exercise scale had a 45 percent higher risk of dying from cancer than those with good sleep scores who kept physically active.However,that risk just about disappeared for those who didn't score well on sleep but did score well on physical activity.
For now it's not clear why more exercise might make up for poor sleep,as far as our health goes.It could be that the increased activity is counteracting inflammation（炎症），or reducing irregularities in glucose metabolism,suggest the researchers.
"Considering that physical activity is perhaps more modifiable than sleep,our study offers people more health incentives to be physically active." says population health researcher Emmanuel Stamatakis,from the University of Sydney.



This research is of particular interest in that ______ .

A. it's in this study that exercise is known to be beneficial to sleep.
B. this study offers people more health treatments to be physical active.
C. it could enable doctors to cure patients of their sleeping condition.
D. the relationship between exercise and sleep is updated in this study.

Which of the following statements is true according to the passage？ ______

A. Those who had the poorest sleep quality were most at risk of death from heart disease.
B. Those scoring lowest on sleep and exercise scale were more likely to die from cancer.
C. There's no risk of cancer for those who didn't sleep well but did score well on physical activity.
D. It's evident that in terms of health more exercise could make up for poor sleep.

What does the underlined word in Paragraph 6 mean？ ______

A. interacting
B. increasing
C. preventing
D. causing

Where can this passage most probably be taken from？ ______

A. A research findings report.
B. A medical examination report.
C. A poor sleep study report.
D. A physical activity study report.

Thanks to its cold environment,Antarctica remained largely untouched by humans for thousands of years.However,since the 1990s,the last true wilderness on the planet is becoming an increasingly popular destination for adventure-seeking tourists.Now,a new study states that the visitors may be leaving behind harmful bacteria（细菌） which could devastate the area's native bird population.
Researchers believed that the Antarctic creatures were not affected by the danger due to the continent's extreme weather.However,microbiologist Marta Cerdà-Cuéllar was not convinced this was true.She and some colleagues decided to examine samples from Antarctic birds for evidence of human bacteria.To ensure the waste was not polluted,the scientists had to collect it from the birds themselves.This was no easy task.If they missed catching a skua at first go,the bird never came close again.
It took the scientists four years,from 2008-2011，to collect fecal（粪便）samples of 666 adult birds from 24 local species.The results of their study revealed the presence of several types of human bacteria in the bird waste.
"While we should do as much as possible to reduce transmission,it's hard to believe that we will stop tourism and science at these sites,and so it is hard to believe that humans won't continue to transmit pathogens（病原体）." said Kyle Elliott.
Experts,including González-Solís,believe the only way to prevent the mass destruction of the birds,is to introduce stricter regulations or,at least,obey the ones already in place.For example,while the Antarctica Treaty states clearly visitors carry their waste back home to protect the original environment,the regulation is rarely obeyed.Hopefully,officials will take steps to protect the easily hurt birds before it's too late.



What does the underlined word "devastate" in Para.1 mean？ ______

A. Increase.
B. Destroy.
C. Affect.
D. Block.

What can be said about scientists finding the waste from the birds？ ______

A. This was not an easy task.
B. This proved their conclusion.
C. Their tempers contributed a lot.
D. They found polluted human bacteria.

How does Kyle Elliott feel when mentioning reducing tourism？ ______

A. Hopeless.
B. Difficult.
C. Impossible.
D. Delighted.

What is the author's suggestion to protect Antarctica birds？ ______

A. Make new strict rules.
B. Quit the Antarctica Treaty.
C. Take measures as soon as possible.
D. Encourage officials to strengthen cooperation.

Feeding birds is a popular way to watch wildlife.But experts say it might put wild birds at risk.
Feeding birds is not necessary for their survival except in extreme weather conditions.Feeders（喂食器）can definitely help birds get through that kind of weather.But most birds eat insects and show little interest in bird feeders.For those birds,we can grow native plants in a natural environment.Birds which are fond of eating seeds will be more likely to come to feeders if there is some cover nearby.This lets them feed and then fly to protective areas,such as in trees.
The most common mistake people make with their bird feeders is that they put feeders in places where birds are easily frightened by passers-by,risk being hurt by cats,or risk flying into windows.
So set up a bird feeder at least one meter away from a window.That way,if a bird gets frightened,it won't get killed when it hits the glass.Owners of cats should keep them inside home so they can't hurt the birds.
Some birds are more aggressive at feeders.They eat a lot and do not leave much food for other birds.A solution is to put the food in more than one place by using different kinds of seeds or fruits.This can also increase the number and diversity of birds in your neighborhood.But don't feed wild birds anything salty,like potato chips,or food that could choke them,like bread.
Pay attention to food quality and freshness.Unprotected food left too long in feeders will turn moldy（发霉），which can kill wildlife.
Another word of advice：Always provide a supply of clean water for birds,but use care when looking for the right birdbath.If the birdbaths are too deep for birds,putting a few large stones in the water can give the birds a place to sit.



What's the most common mistake about feeding birds？ ______

A. Putting feeders in improper places.
B. Providing food in inappropriate time.
C. Leaving feeders unprotected.
D. Supplying dirty and deep water.

Which of the following may not be suitable for feeding birds？ ______

A. Seeds.
B. Bread.
C. Fruit.
D. Insects.

The author advises helping more birds by ______ .

A. increasing the number of feeders
B. cleaning the birds with clean water
C. putting more large stones in the feeders
D. keeping aggressive birds away from the feeders

What is the text mainly about？ ______

A. Problems with bird feeding.
B. Where to place bird feeders.
C. Popular ways of protecting wild birds.
D. How to feed wild birds safely and healthily.

Throwing away unwanted food has become a big issue in the world.While some of us throw away unwanted items,people in other parts of the world face food shortages and are starving.It's a shocking fact that a third of the world's food is wasted each year,which is enough to feed a billion hungry people.
You may think supermarkets are the main contributors to this mountain of food.After all,they do desert stuff that is past its sell-by-date and they often refuse to sell fruits or vegetables that are in the wrong shape or look damaged.They've also been criticized for encouraging customers to buy more than they need through promotions such as "buy one and get one free".
But the biggest culprit for creating food waste is us human beings.In Europe,an incredible 53% of food waste comes from households,which results in 88 million tons of food waste a year.So instead of filling our bellies,our food is filling up landfill sites.
In Denmark,a woman called Selina Juul has been working hard to solve this problem.She moved from Russia many years ago and was amazed to see the abundance of food available in the supermarkets.But despite so much availability,she found that people were buying more than they needed and throwing too much away.
She convinced some supermarkets to stop selling their items in bulk（大量）so that people bought only what they needed.She produced a leftover cookbook and set up an education program in schools,which has helped create a significant 25% reduction in food waste.
Clearly,we need to think twice when we buy something in supermarkets or online,and when we're at home we should make the most of the food we have - using recipes that use up our leftovers or even sharing our remaining food with our friends and neighbors.



Why are supermarkets to blame for food waste？ ______

A. They store spare items.
B. They damage bad stuff.
C. They display new arrivals.
D. They hold sales promotion.

What does the underlined word "culprit" in paragraph 3 probably mean？ ______

A. Benefit.
B. Demand.
C. Cause.
D. Challenge.

What do we know about Selina Juul？ ______

A. She contributed to reducing food waste.
B. She made an extraordinary discovery.
C. She was a pioneer in cooking leftovers.
D. She focused on the availability of food.

What does the author advise us to do in the last paragraph？ ______

A. Start sharing extra food.
B. Switch to online shopping.
C. Increase the varieties of food.
D. Improve our cooking methods.

In the Hollywood industry,most of the studios are using AI to make movies for various reasons such as getting the actors out of danger,replacing the actors in different scenes,forming appealing atmosphere to enhance（增强） the views,etc.
Directors and producers are using VFX（Visual effects），animations and AI to make a model that looks like the actor and replaces the actor's place.In particular,AI is used in scenes where actors have to produce certain stunts（特技） to develop setups in the studio artificially.VFX is used to later change the internal studio backgrounds to a different place in the movie.
There are many movies with two characters of the same actor.When AI was not a part of the film,editors used different methods to show the two aspects of the same actor in one scene,but now AI is being used to form the second character of the same actor and is being performed to the viewers.
By a perfect combination of animation,VFX and AI，realistic models are being created.And the most fun part is the fictitious character can hold the face of the actor but the age,hairstyles,and clothing can be changed to create more enhanced looks according to the movie scene and story.With the help of AI，the directors are creating appealing scenes to enhance the thrill and excitement.In Jurassic Park,no dinosaurs were running,but with the help of AI and visual effects,we could enjoy the scenes and the atmospheres.
The directors and the producers direct to form a green screen including the obstacles and those green screens get replaced with the views that are made from AI and VFX，and the actors make the scenes alive and deliver the most suitable action-packed movie scenes.This method also enhances the viewers' experience,which makes the movie a blockbuster （大片）.



What does the author intend to tell us in paragraph 1？ ______

A. How AI helps actors.
B. What AI brings to movies.
C. Why AI is applied to movies.
D. Where AI is made full use of.

What can we infer from paragraph 3？ ______

A. AI can be used as an editor.
B. Editors consider AI irreplaceable.
C. Editors used many methods to replace AI.
D. AI makes what used to be complex scenes easier.

What's the author's attitude to using VFX，animations and AI in movies？ ______

A. Supportive.
B. Sceptical.
C. Unconcerned.
D. Enthusiastic.

Which of the following could be the best title for the text？ ______

A. What AI Brings Out Hollywood Movies
B. Why AI Is Applied to Hollywood Movies
C. Which Hollywood Movies Make Much Use of AI
D. How AI Is Being Applied to Hollywood Movies

Do you ever listen to the songs that your parents like？Chances are that you don't.You probably think the music that they like is old and boring and that the songs on your playlist are much cooler.But scientists found that people's music taste changes as time goes by.So it is likely that your own musical preferences will follow a similar path to your parents'，whether you like it or not.
We used to think that culture and personality（个性）are the only reasons for different music choices.But researchers at the University of Cambridge noticed that as people enter into different age groups,their social environment changes,and so does their music taste.There are some musical periods that people go through in their life.
The first period comes in the teenage years,during which people like strong music such as punk and rock,because teenagers tend to be aggressive or want to be independent.
But as people move into early adulthood,their lifestyles change they want to build close relationships with others.As a result,they become fonder of contemporary music,such as pop and R&.B，which is usually uplifting and danceable.
When middle age comes,most people have settled down.During this period,people prefer music,such as jazz and classical,as well as music like country,folk and blues.
As for old people,they prefer old songs in their childhoods.They generally listen to relaxing music,such as country music and jazz music.But you must be questioning. "Aren't there old people who are still interested in or even crazy about rock music？" Of course there are.But their reasons for listening to rock music may have changed.At that age people may listen to remind themselves of their youth.



What do young people usually think of the songs their parents enjoy？ ______

A. They are actually less cool.
B. They are worth listening to.
C. They are especially serious.
D. They are hard to understand.

How many musical periods are there that people go through in their life？ ______

A. Two.
B. Three.
C. Four.
D. Five.

People who want to make friends mostly prefer ______ .

A. jazz music
B. country music
C. rock music
D. pop music

What is the best title for the text？ ______

A. People Have Different Opinions on Music
B. People Listen to Music for the Same Reason
C. People's Taste in Music Changes With Time
D. People's Lifestyle Can Be Changed by Music

Owning a dog is associated with a significantly lower risk of heart disease and death,according to a comprehensive new study published by a team of Swedish researchers on Friday in the journal Scientific Reports.
The scientists followed 3.4 million people over the course of 12 years and found that adults who lived alone and owned a dog were 33 percent less likely to die during the study than adults who lived alone without dogs.In addition,the single adults with dogs were 36 percent less likely to die from heart disease.
"Dog ownership was especially prominent as a protective factor in persons living alone,which is a group reported previously to be at higher risk of heart disease and death than those living in a multi-person household," Mwenya Mubanga,a Ph.D.student at Uppsala University in Uppsala,Sweden,and the lead junior author of the study,said in a statement announcing its findings.The link between dog ownership and lower mortality（死亡率）was less pronounced in adults who lived either with family members or partners,but still present,according to the study. "Perhaps a dog may stand in as an important family member in the single households," Mubanga added. "Another interesting finding was that owners of dogs which were intended originally for hunting were most protected."
The study,which is the largest to date on the health relations of owning a dog,suggested that some of the reasons dog owners may have a lower risk of mortality and heart disease were because dog owners walk more. "These kind of epidemiological （流行病学的）studies look for associations in large populations but do not provide answers on whether and how dogs could protect their owners from heart disease," Tove Fall,a senior author of the study and a professor at Uppsala University,said in a statement
"We know that dog owners in general have a higher level of physical activity,which could be one explanation to the observed results," Fall added. "Other explanations include an increased well-being and social contacts or effects of the dog on the bacterial microbiome（微生物菌群）in the owner." Fall added that because all participants of dog owners in Sweden or other "European populations with similar culture regarding dog ownership."



Why did the researchers do the study related to 3.4 million people's health and the dogs？ ______
A. To help Europeans.
B. To find their association.
C. To protect unhealthy adults.
D. To reduce risk of heart disease.

What does the underlined word "prominent" probably mean in Para.3？ ______

A. Universal.
B. Confusing.
C. Appealing.
D. Important.

What's the main idea of the text？ ______

A. Adults living with dogs are less likely to die.
B. Swedish people are very fond of animal pets.
C. Keeping a dog is a popular and healthy hobby.
D. Owning dogs reduces the risk of heart disease.

What's the writer's attitude towards owning a dog？ ______

A. Positive.
B. Negative.
C. Objective.
D. Contradictory.

By now,most people know they should be eating more vegetables.But are there ways to get more from the vegetables you already eat？A research shows that when it comes to vegetables,it's not only how much we eat,but also how we prepare them,that decides the vitamins and other nutrients that enter our body.
Many studies show that people who eat lots of vegetables have less heart disease,and eye problems and even cancer.But raw vegetables are not always best.The researchers found that 198 Germans who eat raw food were short of lycopene,the matter found in tomatoes and other red vegetables. "There is an idea that raw foods are always going to be better," says Steven K.Clinton,a professor at Ohio State University. "For fruits and vegetables,sometimes a little bit of cooking can be helpful."
A number of factors decide how the vegetables do good to people's health before they reach the table,including where and how they were grown and stored before being bought.No single cooking way is best.Some nutrients are easily lost in cooking if they are cooked in different ways.
Vitamins C and B are often lost.In January,another report said that boiling was better for carrots than frying or serving them raw.Frying was the worst way to cook.
What cooked with the vegetables can also be important？When the vegetables were cooked with fat,the diners can get more nutrients.Fat can also make the taste of vegetables better,meaning that people will eat more of them.Putting on some other things that make it taste better-a little salt-can make the food taste better.



The writer mainly wants to tell us that ______ .

A. people should eat more vegetables
B. the way people eat vegetables is important
C. eating vegetables is good for us
D. how much vegetables one should eat

The people who eat the raw vegetables for a long time will ______ .

A. have the eyes problems
B. have heart disease
C. be in need of lycopene
D. hate eating tomatoes

The following decide how the vegetables do good to people EXCEPT ______ .

A. the place where the vegetables are grown
B. the way how the vegetables are stored
C. the way how the vegetables are prepared
D. the price at which the vegetable are sold

From the last paragraph,we can know ______ .

A. it's better to cook vegetables with the fat
B. the more fat in the cooking,the fewer vegetables people will eat
C. it's better to cook the vegetables without salt
D. the fat will increase the nutrition of the vegetables