People with positive "affective presence" are easy to be around and oil the gears of social interactions．
Some people can walk into a room and instantly put everyone at ease． Others seem to make teeth clench and eyes roll no matter what they do． A small body of psychology research supports the idea that the way a person tends to make others feel is a consistent and measurable part of his personality． Researchers call it "affective presence．"
This concept was first described nearly 10 years ago and it's been known for some time that emotions are contagious： If one person feels angry， she may well infect her neighbor with that anger． But affective presence is an effect one has regardless of one's own feelings-those with positive affective presence make other people feel good， even if they personally are anxious or sad， and the opposite is true for those with negative affective presence．
"To use common， everyday words， some people are just annoying． It doesn't mean they're annoyed all the time，" Elfenbein says． "They may be content because they're always getting their way． Some people bring out great things in others while they're themselves quite depressed．"
Unsurprisingly， people who consistently make others feel good are more central to their social networks-in Elfenbein's study， more of their classmates considered them to be friends． They also got more romantic interest from others in a separate speed-dating study．
Hector Madrid， an organizational-behavior professor at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile， has taken a particular interest in how the affective presence of leaders in the workplace can influence their teams" performance． He and his collaborators have found that leaders who make other people feel good by their very presence have teams that are better at sharing information， which leads to more innovation． Subordinates （下属）are more likely to voice their ideas， too， to a leader with positive affective presence．
"When you propose new ideas， that is in some way dangerous， because you are challenging the status quo （现状），" Madrid says． "People are not necessarily open to new ideas， so in order to speak your ideas， you need to feel safe． Positive emotions are important for that．"
Exactly what people are doing that sets others at ease or puts them off hasn't yet been studied． It may have to do with body language， or tone of voice， or being a good listener． Madrid suggests that further research might also find that some people have a strong affective presence （whether positive or negative）， while others" affective presence is weaker． But both Madrid and Elfenbein suggest that a big part of affective presence may be how people regulate emotions-those of others and their own．
Throughout the day， one experiences emotional "blips" as Elfenbein puts it-blips of annoyance or excitement or sadness． The question is， "Can you regulate yourself so those blips don't infect other people？" she asks． "Can you smooth over the noise in your life so other people aren't affected by it？"
This "smoothing over"-or emotional regulation-could take the form of finding the positive in a bad situation， which can be healthy． But it could also take the form of suppressing one's own emotions just to keep other people comfortable， which is less so．
Elfenbein notes that positive affective presence isn't inherently （本质上）good， either for the person themselves， or for their relationships with others． Neither is negative affective presence necessarily always a bad thing in a leader-think of a football coach yelling at the team at halftime， motivating them to make a comeback． Elfenbein suspects that affective presence is closely related to emotional intelligence． And， she says， " You can useyour intelligence to cure cancer， but you canalso use it to be a criminal mastermind（策划）．"



Who can be described as having affective presence？ ______

A. Those who make others feel offended．
B. Those who get friends together at a party．
C. Those who share a comfortable room．
D. Those who feel at ease in social interactions．

The underlined word "contagious" in Paragraph 3 can be replaced by ______ ．

A. lasting
B. spreading
C. Evolving
D. threatening

How will people with positive affective presence be rewarded？ ______

A. They will be allowed to do whatever they want．
B. They will free themselves from negative feelings．
C. They will be better known for their mixed feelings．
D. They will gain more popularity in their social circle．

How might employers with positive affective presence influence their employees？ ______

A. Employees might gain competence in a wide range of skills．
B. Employees might become more open to ideas and advice．
C. Employees might build confidence in challenging employers．
D. Employees might be more creative and willing to share ideas．

What might be the major factor in deciding people's affective presence？ ______

A. Varieties of body language．
B. Capability to regulate emotions．
C. Patience to listen to others．
D. Experiences of emotional outburst．

What does Elfenbein mean by saying the underlined words in the last paragraph？ ______

A. Cancer and Criminal behavior are closely related to intelligence．
B. Positive affective presence is definitely beneficial to people's health，
C. People should adopt an objective attitude towards affective presence．
D. People should use different affective presences on different occasions．