选择知识点

An infectious disease is a disease that is caused by the invasion of a host by pathogens（病原体）whose activities harm the host's tissues and can be spread to other individuals.
Microorganisms（微生物）capable of causing disease are called pathogens. A true pathogen is an infectious agent that causes disease in any possible host. The terms "infection" and "disease" are quite different. In order to cause disease, pathogens must be able to enter the host body, stick to specific host cells, invade and multiply and do damage to host tissues.
Pathogens may be spread through either direct or indirect contact. Direct contact occurs when an individual is infected by contact with the infection source. It also includes taking in the infectious droplets released by sneezing or coughing. Indirect contact occurs when a pathogen can survive the environment outside its host for a long period of time. So lifeless objects that are polluted by direct contact with the infection source may be the indirect contact for easily infected group.
Public health measures typically involve killing the pathogen from its source or from its route of spread. Those measures include ensuring a safe water supply,effectively treating waste water,and initiating animal control and vaccination（疫苗）programs,etc. Personally,the first line of defense is to keep pathogen at bay by following good personal hygiene（卫生）habits. Prevent infection before it begins and avoid spreading it to others with some easy measures, such as washing hands, getting vaccinated and so on.
Man never stops fighting against all kinds of infectious diseases. But in the past two decades at least a dozen "new" disease have been identified,and traditional diseases that appeared to be "on their way out" are re-emerging. Globally,infectious diseases remain the leading cause of death. Clearly,the battle has not been won. Nevertheless, it is increasingly difficult for most of us to deny the claims of science. We are continually presented with great amounts of relevant scientific and medical knowledge, which encourages us to take more responsibility for our own health.



What does paragraph 2 focus on？ ______

A. Origin of true pathogens.
B. Nature of infectious diseases.
C. Strategies for avoiding tissue damage.
D. Differences between infection and disease.

What is likely to cause disease spread through indirect contact？ ______

A. Getting bitten by an infected dog.
B. Playing toys a sick child played with.
C. Breathing in tiny drops from sneezing
D. Shaking hands with an infected person.

Which of the following can best explain the underlined phrase "at bay" in paragraph 4？ ______

A. At risk.
B. Off course.
C. Under control.
D. Within reach.

What does the last paragraph imply？ ______

A. Man is at a loss about infectious diseases.
B. Traditional infectious diseases are dying out.
C. Science counts in defeating infectious diseases.
D. The battle against infectious diseases is in vain.

Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks. His strange habit makes sense when you consider that he's an environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter, including things that fall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road. What is even more interesting is that one of Stein's jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bags.
Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year. So many end up in tree branches or along highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts（收银台）. The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California, including Los Angeles. Eyeing these headwinds,plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.
Among the bag makers' argument： many cities with bans still allow shoppers to purchase paper bags,which are easily recycled but require more energy to produce and transport. And while plastic bags may be ugly to look at, they represent a small percentage of all garbage on the ground today.
The industry has also taken aim at the product that has appeared as its replacement：reusable shopping bags. The stronger a reusable bag is,the longer its life and the more plastic-bag use it cancels out. However,longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy to make. One study found that a cotton bag must be used at least 131 times to be better for the planet than plastic.
Environmentalists don't dispute（质疑） these points. They hope paper bags will be banned someday too and want shoppers to use the same reusable bags for years.



What has Steven Stein been hired to do？ ______

A. Help increase grocery sales.
B. Recycle the waste material.
C. Stop things falling off trucks.
D. Argue for the use of plastic bags.

What does the word "headwinds" in paragraph 2 refer to？ ______

A. Bans on plastic bags.
B. Effects of city development.
C. Headaches caused by garbage.
D. Plastic bags hung in trees.

What is a disadvantage of reusable bags according to plastic-bag makers？ ______

A. They are quite expensive.
B. Replacing them can be difficult.
C. They are less strong than plastic bags.
D. Producing them requires more energy.

What is the best title for the text？ ______

A. Plastic, Paper or Neither
B. Industry, Pollution and Environment
C. Recycle or Throw Away
D. Garbage Collection and Waste Control

Although all of the dishes _________， none of them ________ good.（　　）

______ it comes to traffic rules, I often come across such cases __________ the local drivers obviously know them but won't follow them.（　　）

There ___ some trouble over this in the past, I want to treat the matter carefully.（　　）

Global warming is the increase of the earth's average surface temperature due to the effect of greenhouse gases, for example, carbon dioxide, which traps heat that would otherwise escape from the earth. After the trees are cut down and more greenhouse gases are released, the "blanket" around the earth called the ozone layer（臭氧层）， will get thicker. This catches more heat and makes the earth hotter. Luckily, there are many things that every citizen of the earth can do to help reduce the effects of global warming, and it's never too late or too early for children to take action.
The children should learn what a carbon footprint is. A carbon footprint is the amount of carbon and greenhouse gases people make as they lead the daily life and go about the normal activities. In other words, the carbon footprint is a measure of the environmental impact（冲击）the life has. To live an environmentally friendly life that doesn't contribute to global warming, people-want to have the smallest carbon footprint possible.
Almost everything people do contributes to global warming and is related to fossil fuel consumption. These can be direct uses of fossil fuels, like riding in a gasoline-powered car, or indirect contributions to greenhouse gases, such as eating fruits or vegetables that have to be shipped from far way to reach their tables.
If a child wants to make a contribution to reducing global warming, he should ride a bicycle to the near park, school, his friend's house,or anywhere else instead of taking the car. Or he may try to walk or jog,which is also helpful. In addition, although trains and buses often run on fossil fuels, on average, each person uses less energy and produces less pollution to run. Next time if children with their parents have to get around town or it's too far to walk or bike, take the bus or other public transportation instead of asking for a ride.



What is the main reason for global warming？ ______

A. Too much greenhouse gases are released.
B. The ozone layer has caught more heat.
C. Much more ozone layer has been released.
D. The increase of the earth's inner temperature results in the global warming.

What is the main idea of Paragraph 2？ ______

A. Life has an impact on carbon footprint.
B. The definition of a carbon footprint.
C. People should live an environmental friendly life.
D. People make a huge amount of carbon and greenhouse gases.

The author wants to write the passage for ______ .

A. children
B. parents
C. children educators
D. adults

What can be a suitable title for the text？ ______

A. What Can People Do to Use Less Energy？
B. Why Global Warming Affects Humans' Life？
C. How Can Kids Help Reduce Global Warming？
D. How Does Carbon Footprints Measure Pollution？

Using too much water or throwing rubbish into our rivers are clear ways that humans can put our water supply in danger,but we also affect our water supply in less obvious ways. You may wonder how paving（铺砌）a road can lead to less useable fresh water. A major part of the water we use every day is groundwater. Groundwater does not come from lakes or rivers.It comes from underground. The more roads and parking lots we pave,the less water can flow into the ground to become groundwater.
Human activity is not responsible for all water shortages（短缺）.Drier climates are of course more likely to have droughts（干旱） than areas with more rainfall, but in any case,good management can help to make sure there is enough water to meet our basic needs.
Thinking about the way we use water every day can make a big difference,too.In the United States,a family of four can use 1.5 tons of water a day! This shows how much we depend on water to live, but there's a lot we can do to lower the number.
You can take steps to save water in your home.To start with,use the same glass for your drinking water all day.Wash it only once a day. Run your dishwasher（洗碗机） only when it is full. Help your parents fix any leaks in your home.You can even help to keep our water supply clean by recycling batteries instead of throwing them away.



Which of the following is most likely to lead to less groundwater？ ______

A. Using river water.
B. Throwing batteries away.
C. Paving parking lots.
D. Throwing rubbish into lakes.

What can be inferred from the text？ ______

A. All water shortages are due to human behavior.
B. It takes a lot of effort to meet our water needs.
C. There is much we can do to reduce family size.
D. The average family in America makes proper use of water.

The last paragraph is intended to ______ .

A. show us how to fix leaks at home
B. tell us how to run a dishwasher
C. prove what drinking glass is best for us
D. suggest what we do to save water at home

The text is mainly about ______ .

A. why paving roads reduces our water
B. how much we depend on water to live
C. why droughts occur more in dry climates
D. how human activity affects our water supply

Though natural ______ resources, the area was well developed.（　　）

Recently I read Nineteen Eighty-Four, a novel by George Orwell set in a totalitarian（极权主义的） state where even the language they use is controlled. Adjectives are forbidden and instead they use phrases such as "ungood"， "plus good" and "double plus good" to express emotions.
As I first read this I thought how impossible it would be in our society to have such vocabulary. However,the more I thought about it, the more I realized in its own way it was already happening. I type messages to my friends and alongside each is an emoji（表情符号）. I often use them to emphasize something, or to not seem too serious, or because this specific GIF conveys my emotions much better than I ever could using just words. And I wonder, "with too much use of emojis, are we losing the beauty and diversity of our vocabulary？"
English has the largest vocabulary in the world, with over one million words, but who's to say what it'll be like in the future？ Perhaps we will have a shorter language, full of saying "cry face" if something sad happens or using LOL （laugh out loud） or BRB （be right back） instead of saying the full phrase. So does this mean our vocabulary will shrink？ Is it the start of an exciting new era？
Yet when you look back over time, the power of image has always been there. Even in the prehistoric era they used imagery to communicate, and what's even more incredible is that we are able to analyse those drawings and understand the meaning of them thousands of years later. Pictures have the ability to go beyond time and language. Images,whether they are cave paintings or emojis,allow us to convey a message that's not restrictive but rather universal.



What is the reason for the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four being mentioned？ ______

A. To introduce the following topic.
B. To recommend this book to readers.
C. To show the author's special interest.
D. To show the diversity of languages.

Why does the author often use emojis while typing messages？ ______

A. They are easy to type.
B. They are amusing to use.
C. They can better convey emotions.
D. They reflect the diversity of languages.

What can we infer from paragraph 3？ ______

A. English vocabulary will become smaller.
B. A new language era has come into being.
C. English will be replaced by a short language.
D. Short forms of words are popular nowadays.

What might be the author's opinion？ ______

A. We shouldn't use emojis too much.
B. Emojis can be understood universally.
C. Languages will be replaced by emojis.
D. We have to learn several languages.

People who often eat nuts appear to live longer, according to the latest study of its kind. The findings, published in the New England Journal of Medicine,suggested the greatest benefit was in those eating them on their daily diet.
Eating nuts was linked to a healthier lifestyle including being less likely to smoke or be overweight and being more likely to exercise. The British Heart Foundation said more research was needed to prove the link. "While this is an interesting link,we need further research to make sure if it's the nuts that protect heart health, or other sides of people's lifestyle."
The study followed nearly 120，000 people for 30 years. The more regularly people ate nuts,the less likely they were to die during the study. People eating nuts once a week were 11% less likely to have died during the study than those who never ate nuts. Lead researcher Dr Charles Fuchs,from the Dana- Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women's Hospital, said,"The most obvious benefit was a decrease of 29% in deaths from heart disease, but we also saw a significant reduction-11%-in the danger of dying from cancer."
They suggest nuts are lowering cholesterol（胆固醇） and insulin resistance（胰岛素抗性）. Nuts contain unsaturated fat（不饱和脂肪），protein and several kinds of vitamins and minerals and they can take the place of snacks like chocolate bars, cakes and biscuits.
Victoria Taylor, senior expert at the British Heart Foundation,said,"This study shows close connection between regularly eating a small handful of nuts and a lower risk of death from heart disease." Choosing plain, unsalted foods rather than sweet, salted, or chocolate-covered foods will keep your salt and sugar intake down.



According to the passage, what kind of people benefit most from eating nuts？ ______

A. Those who eat most nuts at a time.
B. Those who eat most nuts.
C. Those who eat less nuts.
D. Those who eat nuts on their daily diet.

Which kind of disease had a most decrease for regular nuts eaters？ ______

A. Cancer.
B. Heart disease.
C. Stomach disease.
D. Unknown.

The writer developed the article mainly by ______ .

A. providing facts
B. listing data
C. giving examples
D. comparing the difference

Which section（部分） should the passage be taken from the newspaper？ ______

A. Science section.
B. Tech section.
C. Entertainment section.
D. Health section.