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When marine biologist Jennifer Lavers from Australia traveled to a remote string of islands in the Indian Ocean to see how much plastic waste had washed up on the beaches, here's just part of what she found： "373，000 toothbrushes and around 975，000 shoes, largely flip-flops."
  The island was a good place to measure plastic waste because almost no one lives there. That meant the plastic there wasn't local - it floated in - and no one was picking it up.
  "It's the little stuff that's perfectly bite-sized," Lavers says. "The stuff that fish and squid and birds and even turtles can eat."
  Lavers didn't just count the stuff on the surface. She dug down 4 inches into the sand. "What was really quite amazing was that the deeper we went," she says, "the more plastic we were actually finding." What happens is that the sun breaks down the plastic on the surface, and the waves strike it into tiny pieces and drive it into the sand.
  Lavers' team of researchers studied seven of the islands, by marking off transects（横断面） on beaches and counting all the plastic inside each transect."So, more than 414 million pieces of plastic are estimated to be currently sitting on the Cocos Keeling Islands, weighing a remarkable 238 tons," Lavers says.She was flabbergasted.
  It's becoming increasingly clear that no place on the planet seems immune from plastic waste. Take the Arctic, for example. "Wastes are transported via air currents in addition to ocean currents," Ecologist Chelsea Rochman at the University of Toronto explains. "And there （in the Arctic）， we see high concentrations of small microfibers and small particles, and so, absolutely, you expect different things in different places. And what you find tells you something about where it's coming from."



What does the author intend to express by mentioning the numbers？ ______

A. To show Lavers is good in calculating.
B. To show the plastic pollution is very serious.
C. To tell the beach is very broad.
D. To tell wasting of man is very serious.

How do Lavers and her team count the waste？ ______

A. By marking off transects and then count.
B. By digging into the sand.
C. By counting the plastic on the beach.
D. By weighing the plastic.

What does the underlined word in Para 3 mean？ ______

A. Curious.
B. Puzzled.
C. Shocked.
D. Merciful.

What can we know according to the last paragraph？ ______

A. Pollution varies from place to place.
B. The Arctic is relatively cleaner than other places.
C. Plastic waste is mainly transported via air and water.
D. Almost every place on earth is now polluted.

A new study published this week in the journal Nature Communications has concluded that a 100 percent change to organic （有机的） food production in England and Wales would actually lead to a great increase in greenhouse gas emissions （排放）. In turn, this would contribute to further climate change.
  Although organic farming directly pours out fewer emissions than conventional farming-around 20 percent lower for crops and 4 percent for farm animals-it produces notably less food. As to this study's findings, total organic agriculture in England and Wales would produce 40 percent less food. With less food in the market, the countries would need to increase food imports, which would produce more global greenhouse gas emissions.
  Organic farming also increases the amount of absorbing carbon, a process where carbon dioxide （CO2）is "absorbed" out of the atmosphere and captured by plants and stored in the soil. However, even a total change to organic farming would only be equal to a tiny part of the higher emissions from overseas land use."We predict a drop in total food production of 40 percent under a fully organic farming process, compared to conventional farming, if we keep to the same national diet," Dr Adrian Williams, lead author and reader in Agri-Environmental Systems at Cranfield University, said in a statement. "This results from lower crop quantity, because output is limited by a lower supply of nitrogen, which is mainly from other crops or solid waste from cattle on the grassland."
  Nevertheless, it is important to note that organic farming still holds some useful benefits for the environment, such as reducing exposure to chemicals and improving the varieties of creatures. In conclusion, the study suggests that organic farming will continue to play a key role in resolving the world's environmental problems. However, it's just one part of a much wider solution.



What will total organic agriculture bring to England？ ______

A. More main food.
B. More species crop.
C. More food imports.
D. More fresh oxygen.

How does organic farming increase the amount of absorbing carbon？ ______

A. By taking in CO2.
B. By changing CO2.
C. By giving off CO2.
D. By producing CO2.

What is the last paragraph mainly about？ ______

A. The ways to reduce organic farming.
B. The advantages of organic farming.
C. The solution to the environment problems.
D. The results caused by organic farming.

Which of the following is the best title of the text？ ______

A. Organic farming, green food.
B. Organic farming, a double-edged sword.
C. Organic farming, a mistake we made.
D. Organic farming, our hope in future.

A three-month survey of 119 households in Seattle found about one-third of the food thrown away was edible（可以吃的）.
  "We think we are doing better but we can't be, given the waste," said Andrea Spacht, a food specialist at the Natural Resources Defense Council.
  For every item thrown away, the cost is far more than just an uneaten meal. Throwing out just one hamburger, for example, wastes as much water as a 90-minute shower.
  The waste of nutrition and resources on this scale （规模）makes little sense when 15 million American households have been classified as food-insecure by the U. S. Department of Agriculture-meaning they cannot access enough food.
  But food waste is not just about households. It is happening on a large scale on the farm.
  Most farm food waste is due to a lack of buyers or prices that are too low. Without a guarantee of an income that will at least cover the cost of harvesting, growers have no choice but to leave food in the field-despite the huge waste that represents, said Lisa Johnson, of the Department of Horticultural Science at North Carolina State University.
  For the time being, the U. S. remains a contradiction, say food waste activists. "It's the place in the world where the most food is wasted, but also where some of the most exciting solutions are," said Tristram Stuart, founder of Toast Ale, which makes beer from bread that would otherwise be thrown away.
  The past few years have seen an awakening awareness of the impact of the problem on our planet. An increasing number of food waste companies and charities have appeared to help people cut their own food waste and also ensure unwanted food makes its way to where it is needed.
  While campaigners are celebrating the rising consumer and corporate （公司的） recognition of food waste as a major problem, they do not expect the problem to disappear overnight. Dealing with the problem requires "a transformation that will take years," said Evan Lutz, co-founder of the food waste company Hungry Harvest.



Why does the author mention the example in Paragraph 3？ ______

A. To encourage readers to save water.
B. To prove the popularity of hamburgers.
C. To show that people are doing better in saving food.
D. To explain that throwing away food has hidden costs.

Why do growers leave food in the field according to Lisa？ ______

A. The food goes bad.
B. The food isn't ripe.
C. They cannot make a profit.
D. They do not have the machine to harvest.

What do the food waste activists mean by saying "the U. S. remains a contradiction"？ ______

A. Food waste contradicts food insecurity.
B. Food waste contradicts exciting solutions.
C. The lack of buyers contradicts good harvests.
D. The high cost of harvesting contradicts low food prices.

What does Evan think of the food waste problem？ ______

A. Americans waste the most food.
B. It has been in existence for years.
C. Solving it will take a long time.
D. People are becoming aware of its seriousness.

______ to the gift was a note on which he expressed his appreciation for our reception during his stay here.（　　）

It is said in the book that Thomas Edison （1847-1931）________ the world leading inventor for sixty years.（　　）

Lewin was interested in taking research beyond books and looking at how it could       real social change.（　　）

John as well as the other children who           no parents         good care of in the center.（　　）

---What are you going to do with the flaw in the vase？
---I can either send a new one to you by express mail or _____ compensate you at a reasonable price.（　　）

     Students at Beijing's Yucai High School have to be very careful when playing football on the school's field. That's because there is a 100-year-old tree growing in the middle of it. And keeping their eye on the ball too much can result in a painful collision(撞击).
     Building a football field around a tree sounds pretty stupid. But the school had no choice. It's reported that there are historic(有历史意义的)buildings all around Yucai High School,and this was the only space that could be used for a football field. Before starting working on the field,the school did ask to have the tree moved and planted somewhere else. However,they were told that it was hundreds of years old, and that it was a national treasure. Having it moved and planted somewhere else was too risky(有风险的) - they might damage or kill the tree. So they were left with no choice but to build the field around it.
     Interestingly,Yucai High School is built on the grounds of Beijing's Royal Gardens of the Ming and Qing dynasties(朝代). A reporter for the Beijing News believes that the strangely-located tree is the oldest tree in the Chinese capital. That information has not been checked,but other people think the tree is only 100 years old.
     Playing a serious game of football on this field cannot be very pleasant. The tree could "catch" the ball and change its direction from time to time. But the students have no choice but to train on the playground with the tree. Luckily, they can play on a different field in competitions with other schools.


If students play football on the school field, ______ .

A. they might run into a tree
B. they will have a good chance of winning
C. they will fall down more often
D. they can control the ball all the time

Why did the school build a football field around a tree？ ______

A. Because the tree was as old as the school.
B. Because the school could only use that place.
C. Because students in the school liked the tree.
D. Because the tree had something to do with the city's history.

Why was the school not allowed to move and plant the tree somewhere else？ ______

A. Because there was no other place for the tree.
B. Because it may have been dangerous for the tree and it might have died.
C. Because the tree was too big to be moved.
D. Because it was more meaningful to keep the tree where it was.

What do we know about the tree？ ______

A. It's the oldest tree in the Chinese capital.
B. It was planted in Ming Dynasty.
C. Some believe it is only one-hundred years old.
D. Students will play on another field to protect it.

Global warming is the increase of the earth's average surface temperature due to the effect of greenhouse gases,for example,carbon dioxide,which traps heat that would otherwise escape from the earth. After the trees are cut down and more greenhouse gases are released. the "blanket" around the earth called the ozone layer（臭氧层），will get thicker. This catches more heat and makes the earth hotter. Luckily,there are many things that every citizen of the earth can do to help reduce the effects of global warming,and it's never too late or too early for children to take action.
  The children should learn what a carbon footprint is. A carbon footprint is the amount of carbon and greenhouse gases people make as they lead the daily life and go about the normal activities. In other words,the carbon footprint is a measure of the environmental impact（冲击）the life has. To live an environmentally friendly life that doesn't contribute to global warming,people-want to have the smallest carbon footprint possible.
  Almost everything people do contributes to global warming and is related to fossil fuel consumption. These can be direct uses of fossil fuels,like riding in a gasoline-powered car,or indirect contributions to greenhouse gases,such as eating fruits or vegetables that have to be shipped from far way to reach their tables.
  If a child wants to make a contribution to reducing global warming,he should ride a bicycle to the near park,school,his friend's house,or anywhere else instead of taking the car. Or he may try to walk or jog,which is also helpful. In addition,although trains and buses often run on fossil fuels, on average, each person uses less energy and produces less pollution to run. Next time if children with their parents have to get around town or it's too far to walk or bike,take the bus or other public transportation instead of asking for a ride.



What is the main reason for global warming？ ______

A. Too much greenhouse gases are released.
B. The ozone layer has caught more heat.
C. Much more ozone layer has been released.
D. The increase of the earth's inner temperature results in the global warming.

What is the main idea of Paragraph 2？ ______

A. Life has an impact on carbon footprint.
B. The definition of a carbon footprint.
C. People should live an environmental friendly life.
D. People make a huge amount of carbon and greenhouse gases.

The author wants to write the passage for ______ .

A. children
B. parents
C. children educators
D. adults

What can be a suitable title for the text？ ______

A. What Can People Do To Use Less Energy？
B. Why Global Warming Affects Humans' Life？
C. How Can Kids Help Reduce Global Warming？
D. How Does Carbon Footprints Measure Pollution？