选择知识点

It's 3 o'clock and you've been hard at work． As you sit at your desk， a strong desire for chocolate overcomes you． You try to busy yourself to make it go away． But it doesn't． Here is another situation． Perhaps you are not feeling well． The only thing you want to eat is a big bowl of chicken soup， like your mum used to make when you were sick as a child． Food cravings are a strong desire for a specific type of food． And they are normal．
Scientists at the website How Stuff Works compare hunger and cravings （渴望） this way． Hunger is a fairly simple connection between the stomach and the brain． They even call it simply "stomach hunger"． When our stomachs burn up all of the food we have eaten， a hormone （激素） sends a message to one part of the brain for more food， which regulates our most basic body functions such as thirst， hunger and sleep． The brain then produces a chemical to start the appetite and you eat． Hunger is a function of survival．
A craving is more complex． It activates brain areas related to emotion， memory and reward． These are the same areas of the brain activated during drug-craving studies． Because of this， some scientists call food cravings "mind hunger"． People often crave foods that are high in fat and sugar． Foods that are high in fat or high in sugar produce chemicals in the brain． These chemicals give us feelings of pleasure．
In a 2016 study， researchers at Cambridge University found that dieting or restricted eating generally increases the possibility of food cravings． So， the more you deny yourself a food that you want， the more you may crave it． However， fasting （禁食） is a bit different． They found that eating no food at all for a short period of time lessened food cravings．
So， the next time you crave something very specific， know that your brain may be more to blame than your stomach．



Which of the following statements is NOT true when "stomach hunger" appears？ ______

A. The part of brain which regulates some functions of our body works．
B. A chemical is produced by the stomach to start the appetite．
C. All the food we have eaten has been exhausted．
D. A hormone delivers a message to the brain for food．

What do we learn about food cravings？ ______

A. It means the stomach functions well．
B. It ensures a person survives hunger．
C. It shows food is linked to feelings．
D. It proves the brain decides your appetite．

What's the likely result of dieting？ ______

A. The increase of food desire．
B. The decrease of chemicals．
C. The refusal of fat and sugar．
D. The disappearance of appetite．

What is the best title of this passage？ ______

A. Dieting： It Makes You Crave More
B. Fasting： It Lessens Food Cravings
C. Food Cravings： They are All in Your Brain
D. Hunger： It is a Function of Survival

My daughters are lovely and attractive． The 4-yearold has big blue eyes and easy laughter． The 7-year old's long strawberry blond hair and sweet smile are already turning the boys" heads． I love everything about these girls． and they know it．
But I try not to tell them they" re beautiful． My young daughters are totally innocent about the pressures of being a woman in our society． They know nothing about plastic surgery， diets． "feeling fat"， or eating disorders． We adults know all too much about such things and in the face of this cruel reality we tend to start telling our girls，as soon and often as possible， how beautiful they are． Here's the thing． though． What we're also doing is bringing the beauty pressure home to our littlest girls． The more I talk about beauty and looks， even in a positive way，the more I'm conveying the importance of those things．
However， it doesn't mean I don't praise my girls． Instead of saying "You look beatutiful!" I might say the more specific "Don't you look fancy today!" or "Those colors go so well together． " It means that I treat my daughters not as my little dolls， but as real people who are developing their own sense of self and style． It means that they are in change of how they look．
Naturally， I buy most of my girls clothes． But I don't usually manage their outfit （整套衣服）choices． My daughters can go girly with necklaces and head-to-toe pink， or they can choose to give up dresses altogether． Of course we've seen some mismatching， but they own those styles． They never ask if they look pretty， and they walk with an easy confidence that has nothing to do with what l or anyone else will say about how they look． And that's the confident spirit I want them to take into their teens and adulthood．



What do the author's two daughters have in common？ ______

A. Both like to smile．
B. Both have blond hair．
C. Both like strawberries．
D. Both have big blue eyes．

Why is the author unwilling to tell her girls that they are beautiful？ ______

A. She prefers inner beauty．
B. She expects them to face reality．
C. She wants them to focus less on it．
D. She doesn't think they can understand it．

How does the author treat her daughters？ ______

A. She avoids praising them．
B. She pays attention to their unique style．
C. She is particular about their clothes．
D. She sets strict clothing rules for them．

Which of the following best describe the author's daughters？ ______

A. They are fully confident．
B. They are highly dependent
C. They tend to take advice from their mother．
D. They have a good taste in dressing themselves．

You're chatting with friends on the phone， but you can't help browsing through shopping websites in the meantime． You're having lunch alone in the canteen， but it only feels right when you start playing a show on your phone - as if it's a necessary "side dish"．
We're now living in a world that bombards us with information． It seems unnatural to do only one thing at a time． It's as if we're all suffering from what a recent Qdaily article called "multitasking OCD （多任务强迫症）"．
"With news reduced to 140 characters and communication increasingly by emojis （表情符号）， we have developed the ability to focus our attention on several activities and devices at once，" Sabry Otmani， founder of Pulpix website， once wrote． "We need lots of stimuli to keep us interested and to fight off boredom．"
But perhaps "fighting off boredom" is not the only reason．
My own obsession with multitasking mainly comes from the fact that everyone around me seems to be constantly studying． Each minute I'm not taking in something new feels like a waste of time． So I always have my headphones on， whether I'm commuting， exercising or walking in the park． I'm forever listening to something - a course on classical music， or on new media management， and heaven knows what else - just so I can keep up with the world．
People who can't stay away from social media are known by "FOMO" （fear of missing out）： They have to be constantly updated about what their friends are doing and saying． But I'd guess that "FOFO" better describes me - "fear of falling out"．
No matter what reason you're doing it for， "multitasking" is already a part of the modern lifestyle． Just make sure you make the most out of it．



With the examples in the first paragraph， the author intends to ______ ．

A. explain what "multitasking OCD" is like
B. show how busy today's life is
C. show that people today often feel lost
D. tell readers that people like comparing themselves with each other

Why do people today like multitasking， in Sabry Otmani's opinion？ ______

A. It can help them to communicate their ideas．
B. It can prevent them from being bored．
C. They lack the patience to finish one thing at a time．
D. They are more able than the past generations．

The underlined word "obsession" is closest in meaning to " ______ "．

A. interest
B. knowledge
C. understanding
D. worry

Why is the writer crazy about multitasking？ ______

A. She thinks it is boring to do one thing at a time．
B. She wants to stay ahead of her friends．
C. She wants to have something to show off．
D. She doesn't want to get left behind by others．

Many of us have had this experience： we lie down in a bed other than our own， perhaps at a friend's house or in a hotel room， and find it difficult or impossible to fall asleep． Is it because the bed is uncomfortable？ Maybe， but perhaps there can be other reasons．
According to a new study published in Current Biology， a significant reason is what the scientists call "first night effect"． They believe that one side of the brain acts as a "night watch" to warn us about potential dangers． It forces us to stay awake on the first night in a new environment．
For the study， 35 young volunteers were asked to sleep in a sleep lab for several days． Meanwhile， researchers watched their brain activities．
According to the researchers， on their first night， the left brains were more active than the right brains and people had a hard time sleeping． However， left-brain activity decreased as days went by， falling even to the point of complete calm． In this process， the participants got an increasingly better sleep experience．
The findings suggest that the different rhythms of the sides of the brain affect our sleep． When the two sides work differently， the balance between them is broken． Thus， the brain can't relax and is sensitive to anything strange in the surroundings， just as it is in daytime．
"At some level， the brain is continuing to analyze things， even though you are not aware of the analysis，" US professor Jerome Siegel told Smithsonian Magazine． "If something unusual happens - if a door opens or you hear a key in a lock - you can be alert， even though the intensity of the stimulus is quite low．"
More surprisingly， this phenomenon is similar to the way some animals sleep． Whales， dolphins， and many birds can sleep with half of their brain while the other half stays awake， with its corresponding eye staying open．
The researchers think that it is the result of evolution， and works to protect us in potentially dangerous environments．
If you have ever had what you think is "first night effect"， researchers suggest that you bring your own pillow or sleep in a room similar to your bedroom next time you sleep away from home．



What did the new study published in Current Biology find？ ______

A. A comfortable bed could help people sleep well in a new environment．
B. Most people could sleep well in a new environment after the first night．
C. Brain activities affected people's sleep in a new environment．
D. The right brain determined how well people slept in a new environment．

What was found out about the volunteers？ ______

A. Their left brains were more active on the first night．
B. Their right brains became more active as days went by．
C. Their right brains kept them awake the whole night．
D. They slept better in the sleep lab than at home．

What do the researchers think makes the brain sensitive to new things？ ______

A. The bad sleep experiences people have had．
B. The tiredness that people suffer from in daytime．
C. The imbalance between the two sides of the brain．
D. The strangeness of the things that people come across．

What do the researchers think of "first night effect"？ ______

A. It has evolved as a way to protect us．
B. It's a characteristic that animals don't have．
C. It's completely different from the way animals sleep．
D. It helps people to get used to new environments quickly．

My wife and I have always been friendly with the clerks at the local store． I don't think many people appreciate what a difficult job these clerks have． They work for a little money and I often wonder how they make ends meet．
One of the clerks， Charlie， was always wearing his glasses but he didn't one day． I asked him about it and he said they'd been out of order and that he couldn't afford a new pair． His family needed money． It was clear that he was having a difficult time．
We wanted to help him， so we turned to our own eye doctor for help with a plan． We had his secretary contact him， asking him to come in for an eye exam for free． We told the doctor to let him order whatever glasses he wanted and that we would pay for them． Although Charlie questioned what was going on， the doctor just told him that someone had offered the money for his new glasses． When we went in to pay the bill， the doctor told us he was touched by our idea so that he waived the exam fee and only charged us for half the price of the glasses!
It was so wonderful to see Charlie in his new glasses and he enjoyed telling all the regular customers how the gift came about． I'm sure that upon hearing his story， ideas of kindness may have come in the minds of many people．



Why didn't the clerk Charlie wear glasses one day？ ______

A. It was very warm and fine．
B. His glasses were missing．
C. His old glasses were broken．
D. He forgot to wear his glasses．

From the passage， we can infer that ______ ．

A. Charlie was a young man with skills
B. Charlie knew who paid the money for the new glasses
C. Charlie completely accepted the money for the new glasses
D. Charlie couldn't support his family with enough money

The underlined word "waived" in the third paragraph can be replaced by ______ ．

A. took up
B. gave up
C. cut up
D. put off

Which of the following could be the best title for the passage？ ______

A. Customers" Gift to an Employee
B. A Friendly Clerk - Charlie
C. The Wonderful Feeling of Helping others
D. An Expensive Pair of Glasses

Look at this picture． Do you know the boy and girl in the picture？ The girl is from Canada．She is eleven． Her name is Jenny． Her favourite colour is yellow．Her eyes are black and white． Her hair is blond． The boy is LiLei． He is twelve． LiLei and Jenny are friends． LiLei is very tall． He has two long legs and two big feet． They live in Beijing， China． They are very happy．



Her favourite colour is ______ ．

A. black
B. white
C. yellow
D. blond

Now the boy and the girl are ______ ．

A. in China
B. in Canada
C. in the picture
D. in the library

How old is Li Lei？ ______ ．

A. Twelve
B. Eleven
C. Thirteen
D. Fourteen

One day the students were having painting lessons． Everyone began to draw pictures． Li Lei did nothing． When the bell rang for the break， Li Lei passed his picture to the teacher．
The teacher looked at it and got angry， "Why do you give me a piece of paper with nothing on it， Li Lei？" asked the teacher． "I'm sorry， sir． I drew a dog and some bread on the paper．" says Li Lei． "Where isthe dog and bread？" asked the teacher again． I drew some bread first． When I finished drawing the dog， it ate up the bread． When I gave it to you， the dog ran away．" says Li Lei．



The students were busy ______ ．

A. reading
B. writing
C. talking
D. drawing

When the bell rang for break ， Li Lei drew ______ ．

A. a nice picture
B. nothing
C. a dog and some bread
D. a dog

The teacher was very ______ when he saw Li Lei's picture．

A. happy
B. sad
C. angry
D. sorry

The students would ______ when they heard Li Lei's words．

A. be sad
B. be happy
C. be sorry
D. laugh

        Photography（摄影） is a very popular art form. Anyone with a camera - or a mobile phone - can practice it. A picture communicates in a way that words often can't. As the photographer Destin Sparks put it,  "Photography is the story I fail to put into words." And there's no better chance to practice the art of photography than during our vacation time.
        Holiday photos have been a part of the culture of travelers for a long time. For decades, vacationers have made sure they've packed a camera along with bathing suits, Hawaiian shirts and sunglasses. A camera is an important holiday item. But over the last 10 years, photography has become much more popular. It's easy to capture （ 捕捉 ） still and moving pictures of places of interest, and it's also easy to show off these pictures on social media. Armed with their smart phones, tourists, this year more than ever, are capturing the beauty of our planet.
        Of course, travel companies have caught on to this. Trekksoft has an example of photo-tourism from the United States, a land with a vast choice of beautiful locations. Antelope Slot Canyon Tours in Arizona specializes in tours of the state's famous canyons（峡谷）, which gives photographers the chance to capture them on camera.
        Most of the tourists are able to make beautiful images with just their mobile phones. Still, help is on hand from the tour guide for those who aren't great at using their cameras. These tour guides have taken a course in photography in case the skills they've learned would help their customers.


According to the writer, which of the following can be the best time to practice photography? ______
A. The time when people are traveling around. B. The time when people have no words to say. C. The time when you have a tour guide to help you. D. The time when you have a mobile phone with you.
Why has photography become much more popular in the past ten years? ______
A. More and more people have cameras. B. The planet is becoming more beautiful. C. Visiting places of interest becomes easy. D. Posting pictures on social media becomes easy.
What does the underlined word "this" in Paragraph 3 refer to? ______
A. The beauty of our planet. B. The tourism in the United States. C. The popularity of holiday photography. D. The technology of photography.
What is special about Antelope Slot Canyon Tours? ______
A. Its wide choices. B. Its photo-tourism. C. Its best tour guide. D. Its great photography course.

Chinese New Year has been welcomed in Britain with its biggest ever program of events and celebrations．
From London's Trafalgar Square to major cities across Britain，tens of thousands of British people have joined Chinese communities to celebrate the arrival of the Year of the Rooster．
In Manchester there was a Dragon Parade，led by a spectacular 54-meter long dragon，ending is Chinatown where there was traditional Chinese entertainment，more than 6，000 lanterns，street food villages and a fireworks show．Celebrations also took place in Liverpool．Birmingham，Lake District，Durham，Edinburgh．Leeds and Newcastle．
A cademic Dr．Wu Kegang said that the Chinese New Year event in Britain"is now bigger than ever and it is growing every year．"
When Wu arrived in Britain 26 years ago from Guangdong，south China，the first thing he noticed was that Chinese New Year was celebrated mainly in towns and cities with big Chinese communities．"You would go to London Chinatown and join your countrymen to celebrate，or to Chinatowns in places like Liverpool and Manchester for what were events almost exclusively held for Chinese people，"Wu recalled．
"Now it is so different，and we are seeing local communities all over the country taking part alongside their own Chinese populations，"he said．"It is clear to me that the celebrations will continue to grow in Britain．Chinese New Year has earned its place in the calendar of events in Britain，and is here to stay．"



Where did the Dragon Parade take place this year？ ______

A. London．
B. Manchester．
C. Birmingham．
D. Newcastle．

When Dr．Wu arrived in Britain 26 years ago，Chinese New Year was ______ ．

A. very popular all around Britain
B. celebrated mainly by Chinese communities
C. only celebrated in London，Liverpool and Manchester
D. enjoyed by local communities alongside Chinese populations

According to Dr．Wu，how will Chinese New Year develop in the next few years？ ______

A. Grow more popular．
B. Turn into an official holiday．
C. Get less remembered．
D. Become more important than Christmas．

What's the main idea of this passage？ ______

A. How British celebrate Chinese New Year．
B. More and more British learn about Chinese culture．
C. Chinese New Year has earned its popularity in Britain．
D. Chinese communities celebrate New Year in Britain in various ways．

I ran into quite a few language problems while vacationing with my family last summer．The most embarrassing was when my Mom apologized to the people we were staying with because her"pants were dirty"．They looked at her in amazement （吃惊），not knowing how to react．You see，Mom had fallen over and gotten mud on her jeans．But in Britain，"pants"means underpants or knickers，not trousers as it does back home．
Katie-From America
I went to stay with a friend on the west coast last summer．Her flat was on the first floor of a high-rise building so I got the lift up．Then I wandered round for ages looking for her flat but couldn't find it．Fed up and tired，I finally had to go out to find a phone box．She explained that her flat was on the first floor，which for me meant the ground floor．
David-From Britain
When I asked for the"restroom"in a big department store，people kept directing me to a room with seats where I could sit and"rest"．It took me years to get through to someone that I only wanted the toilet!
Tom-From America
Last summer we went on a two-week family touring holiday，so Dad hired a car over the Internet．This was an old vehicle （汽车） and there turned out to be lots of things wrong with it．When he phoned the hire company and tried to explain that the lock on the boot was broken，they thought he was talking about footwear!He had no idea their word for"boot"was"trunk"．In the end we went to a garage and just solved the problem．
Mary-From Britain



Hearing Katie's mother's words，Katie's friends were in surprise because ______ ．

A. Katie's mother got mud on her jeans
B. Katie's mother's underpants were dirty
C. they didn't know English
D. they mistook"pants"in American for underpants

David went out to find a phone box to ______ ．

A. phone the police for help
B. phone his friend for help
C. tell his friend he couldn't go to visit her
D. apologize for his being late

When Tom asked for the"restroom"，the people around him thought ______ ．

A. he wanted to go to a department store
B. he wanted the toilet
C. he wanted a chair
D. he wanted to have a rest

The underlined word"garage"is probably ______

A. a place to repair cars
B. a car
C. a gas station
D. a parking place