选择知识点

A study showed that fat was socially catching among friends． People were actually making one another gain and， sometimes， lose weight． The finding has been proved in other populations． So how does friends" body weight affect each other？ One way is imitation （模仿）． Brain scans show that when you watch someone else eat or run， your brain activity is the same as if you were eating or running yourself， causing you to do the same things．
People in experiments seated next to heavy eaters would eat more than those seated next to light eaters． Social examples also play a role： If your friend gains weight， you might become less willing to go to the gym because your friend's example showed you that weight gain isn't the end of the world． She's heavier but still the same person you know and love． And now that 66 percent of the American population is overweight， that's a pretty well-fixed social example．
Happily， this effect could be turned up side down if people worked to create an opposite social example-weight loss can affect each other just as easily as weight gain if you form the fat-fighting habits， starting a running club including friends of friends so that you're making close friends with more exercisers． You can also make healthier food choices and eat with greater self-control． If you give up the fries and eat more vegetables， your friends are more likely to make the same choices．
If you're thinking those sound like a lot of work， maybe it would just be easier to ditch friends who gain weight to stop them from affecting you． People who kept away from a fat friend didn't lose weight， possibly because the cost of losing a friend stopped weight-loss efforts．



What will people in the experiments do if they eat with heavy eaters？ ______

A. Hate them．
B. Leave them．
C. Follow them．
D. Lose weight．

How might people respond to their fat friends according to the text？ ______

A. Go to the gym with them often．
B. Think nothing of becoming fat．
C. Warn them the danger．
D. Like them better．

What can you do to make good use of the discovery？ ______

A. Set a good example for your friends．
B. Make up your mind to make more friends．
C. Set up health club as a business．
D. Drink more water．

What does the underlined word "ditch" in the last paragraph mean？ ______

A. Depend on．
B. Relieve in．
C. Watch over．
D. Give up．

Five and a half billion people across the world live without a household toilet． Hundreds of millions of people are using facilities that are unhealthy and more than a billion people defecate （排泄） in the open．
Michael decided to take action in response to what is one of the world's greatest public health crises． He invited 32 health workers from 16 communities in the southern Highlands of Madagascar to attend a training to organize communities to completely wipe out open defecation．
After completing the initial training， the 32 health workers returned to their towns and got to work． They met with their community and began to map out their town． Together they toured the area and pointed out every spot where people often defecate． Many of them became embarrassed after realizing the high amount of human waste in their community． They then continued to make a bill for the total costs of trips to the local health center when being treated for gastrointestinal （肠胃的） diseases． They quickly began to realize the financial involvement， besides the health risks of open defecation．
The communities began to solve the problem on their own． They considered ways to reduce the cost， by using local materials． Bamboo fences were suggested as an alternative to wooden fences． Mud could be used to build walls instead of bricks． Before Michael starting his project， 267 toilets existed for the 6，700 people living in the communities Michael aimed to reach． It was not enough at all． More than 300 additional toilets were built． He was pleasantly surprised by the enthusiasm he saw from the community towards making open defecation less．



What is the purpose of Michael's project？ ______

A. To change some people's living traditions．
B. To help all people in poverty in the world．
C. To develop professional skills of health workers．
D. To rid many people of the habit of open defecation．

What motivated the communities to build toilets？ ______

A. Michael's healthy trainings for the locals．
B. Health workers" suggestions on defecation．
C. Too many spots where people often defecate．
D. The cost on diseases caused by open defecation．

What do many of the locals think of open defecation after mapping out their town？ ______

A. They take it for granted．
B. They view it as a shame．
C. They think it unimportant．
D. They value it as a tradition．

What can we infer from the last paragraph？ ______

A. The cost of toilets will become higher．
B. Open defecation will become less and less．
C. Most locals are still defecating in the open．
D. The locals are enthusiastic about open defecation．

Human beings are in for a double treat in January with the appearance of two supermoons． The first one rises on the night of New Year's Day． The second comes on the last night of the month， ending up with a lunar eclipse （月食）． That is the end of a trilogy （三部曲） of big moon treats that began in Dec． 3 with a full cold moon． The Jan． 1supermoon will be the biggest of the year． The moon will appear to be oversized for a few nights after that， though it will no longer be a full moon．
A supermoon is a full moon that appears at the closest point in the moon's orbit to earth， about 14 percent larger and 30 percent brighter than full moons that appear at the farthest point in the orbit． Supermoons hang around all night， are easy to see and are not damaging to the eyes， no matter how long you moon-gaze．
For those who may miss the night of Jan． 1， an even more charming supermoon will rise on the night of Jan． 31． That will be the second full moon of the month， which is usually called a "blue moon" because a double full-moon month occurs essentially once in a blue moon-about every 2.5 years． A blue moon is even rarer when it's a supermoon． But that won't be the only rarity that night． The super blue moon will also occur during a total lunar eclipse． If skies are clear， the total eclipse will be visible from eastern Asia across the Pacific Ocean to western North America．
Lunar eclipses make moons appear blood red because of the way the blocked sunlight bends， when the earth moves between the sun and the moon， blocking the sun's light from reflecting off the moon． So prepare yourself for the super blue blood moon on the night of the lunar eclipse． To get the full effect of the lunar eclipse， watch at moonset．



What does the underlined word "That" in Paragraph 1 refer to？ ______

A. The lunar eclipse．
B. The New Year" s Day．
C. The biggest supermoon．
D. The supermoon of Jan． 31．

What can we learn about the supermoon on Jan． 31 from the text？ ______

A. It will begin with a lunar eclipse．
B. It will be a super blue moon．
C. It will be observed all over the world．
D. It will be the biggest moon of the year．

What does the author advise observers to do about the lunar eclipse on Jan． 31？ ______

A. Film the whole lunar eclipse with mobile phones．
B. Decide the spot first when they watch it．
C. Watch it when the moon sets．
D. Prepare sunglasses because the moon is too bright．

Which of the following can be the best title for the text？ ______

A. Supermoons with A Lunar Eclipse
B. The Definition of A Supermoon
C. Double New Year Supermoons
D. The Rarity of the Blue Supermoon

When I was in fourth grade， I worked part-time as a paperboy． Mrs． Stanley was one of my customers． She'd watch me coming down her street， and by the time I'd biked up to her doorstep， there would be a cold drink waiting． I'd sit and drink while she talked．
Mrs． Stanly talked mostly about her dead husband， "Mr． Stanley and I went shopping this morning．" The first time she said that， soda went up my nose．
I told my father how Mrs． Stanley talked as if Mr． Stanley were still alive． Dad said she was probably lonely， and that I ought to sit and listen and nod my head and smile， and maybe she'd work it out of her system． So that's what I did， and it turned out Dad was right． After a while she seemed content to leave her husband over at the cemetery（墓地）．
I finally quit delivering newspapers and didn't see Mrs． Stanley for several years． Then we crossed paths at a church fund-raiser（募捐活动）． She was spooning mashed potatoes and looking happy． Four years before， she'd had to offer her paperboy a drink to have someone to talk with． Now she had friends． Her husband was gone， but life went on．
I live in the city now， and my paperboy is a lady named Edna with three kids． She asks me how I'm doing． When I don't say "fine，" she sticks around to hear my problems． She's lived in the city most of her life， but she knows about community． Community isn't so much a place as it is a state of mind． You find it whenever people ask how you're doing because they care， and not because they're getting paid to do so． Sometimes it's good to just smile， nod your head and listen．



Why did soda go up the author's nose one time？ ______

A. He was talking fast
B. He was shocked
C. He was in a hurry
D. He was absent-minded

Why did the author sit and listen to Mrs． Stanley according to paragraph 3？ ______

A. He enjoyed the drink
B. He wanted to be helpful
C. He took the chance to rest
D. He tried to please his dad

Which of the following can replace the underlined phrase "work it out of her system"？ ______

A. recover from her sadness
B. move out of the neighborhood
C. turn to her old friends
D. speak out about her past

What does the author think people in a community should do？ ______

A. Open up to others
B. Depend on each other
C. Pay for others" help
D. Care about one another

The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational （理性的） model of first clarifying goals， assessing the problem， formulating options， estimating likelihoods of success， making a decision， and only then taking action to carry out the decision． Rather， in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers（战术动作）， these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed intuition（直觉） to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity， inconsistency， novelty， and surprise； and to integrate action into the process of thinking．
Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition． In general， however， such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is． Some see it as the opposite of rationality； others view it as an excuse for capriciousness（变化无常）．
Isenberg's recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers" intuition is neither of these． Rather， senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways． First，they intuitively sense when a problem exists． Second， managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly． This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational， but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills． A third function of intuition is to combine isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture． Fourth， some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis． Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools， and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally alert of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action． Finally， managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution． Used in this way， intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns．
One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that thinking is inseparable from acting． Since managers often know what is right before they can analyze and explain it， they frequently act first and explain later． Analysis is tightly tied to action in thinking-acting cycles， in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting， but by acting and analyzing in close concert．
Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face， senior managers often instigate （发起） a course of action simply to learn more about an issue． They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue． One implication of thinking-acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem， not just of implementing the solution．



Which of the following best describes the organization of the first paragraph？ ______

A. An claim is made and a specific supporting example is given．
B. A conventional model is dismissed and an alternative introduced．
C. The results of recent research are introduced and summarized．
D. Two opposing points of view are presented and evaluated．

Which of the following does the passage suggest about the writers on management mentioned in paragraph 2？ ______

A. They have criticized managers for not following the classical rational model of decision analysis．
B. They have not based their analyses on a sufficiently large sample of actual managers．
C. They have misunderstood how managers use intuition in making business decisions．
D. They have drawn their conclusions on what managers say rather than on what managers do．

According to the text， senior managers use intuition in all of the following ways EXCEPT to ______ ．

A. define clear goals
B. identify a problem
C. bring together diverse facts
D. speed up the creation of a solution to a problem

Which of the following statements does the passage support？ ______

A. Managers cannot justify their intuitive decisions
B. Managers" intuition works contrary to their rational and analytical skills．
C. Intuition enables managers to employ their practical experience more efficiently．
D. Managers relying on intuition are more successful than those relying on formal decision analysis．

Mass communication has been growing and affecting the way communities and people behave． At every stage of the development of communication， from the telegraph to the Internet， societies have had to adapt to its effects． But have the effects been more positive or negative？
The saying "Knowledge is power" has been an excellent motivator for people to improve their lives， but today the massive amount of information available through the Internet doesn't always seem to to be helping people in the way we had hoped．Rather than improving people's lives and bringing us closer together， the information age is making us more divided and irresponsible．
Nevertheless， many people find comfort in their virtual worlds and are happy to connect with real-life friends and online friends from the familiar surroundings of their living rooms．However，being able to reinvent themselves online and be whoever they want to be leads to the question of whether they are losing their identities by living in a virtual world． It's not all bad news，however． Mass communication has helped change some attitudes for the better． Take our views on the environment for example． Internet campaigns by governments and other organizations have helped popularize the ideas of recycling， protecting wildlife and reducing pollution．
Modern electronic communication now influences every aspect of our lives-it is a powerful tool that has raised some concerns for society．However，it has also brought countless benefits to society． At the end of the day， it can be used both for good or evil， which largely relies on the morals and sense of responsibility of the individual or community involved． In short，it needs to be used with care．



According to the text， the information age today ______ ．

A. helps people improve their lives
B. fully shows " knowledge is power"
C. makes people feel more connected to others
D. fails to achieve our expectations sometimes

What can we infer from Paragraph 3？ ______

A. People only connect with online friends．
B. Online friends can be comforting for all people．
C. Virtual lives can make people clear of who they are．
D. The Internet helps to raise our environmental awareness．

What can be known about electronic communication in the last paragraph？ ______

A. It should be used in a cautious way．
B. It does more harm than good to society．
C. Its side effects can't be handled by individuals．
D. It should be strictly controlled by the government．

What does the text mainly talk about？ ______

A. The comfort of the virtual worlds．
B. The effects of mass communication．
C. The development of mass communication．
D. The way to use modern mass communication．