选择知识点

In China，chain restaurants-especially the big multinational ones-are cool．Going to Starbucks，for example，is a status symbol．It not only says，"I'm rich enough to buy this overpriced coffee，"but also，"I'm cosmopolitan （见多识广的） enough to be part of globalization．"
Where I come from in the UK，however，chains are neither fashionable nor gourmet（美食的）．Chains are where you go on New Year's Day when nowhere else is open，or when you are 5 years old and your parents can't stand hearing，"I'm huuungry!"any longer．In my own case （with regards to McDonald's），a chain is where you are taken on your first"date"．Even at the age of 13，I knew to give the guy the"let's just be friends"phone call the next day．
In the UK，independent cafes and restaurants are making a comeback on the fashion scene．Nowadays，a Londoner who says"let's meet for a coffee at Monmouth"（an independent cafe） is much cooler than one who says"let's go to Starbucks"．Even if Monmouth's coffee is a little more expensive，there's a satisfaction in knowing your pounds aren't going straight to the big corporations．
Of course，there are chain stores all over the UK；you can't go five minutes without spotting a Costa Coffee．But numbers do not add up to good taste．
I do，however，have a confession （坦白）．After moving to China I had moments when all the rice and Kung Pao Chicken became too much．I，too，have retreated to McDonald's．



Many Chinese people like to go to multinational chain restaurants because ______ ．

A. the restaurants give customers a taste of foreign culture
B. the restaurants offer different food and drinks from other restaurants
C. they believe that eating there will show their wealth and social status
D. these restaurants are perfect places for a romantic date

Which of the following statements is TRUE？ ______

A. The author has grown tired of Chinese food．
B. Branches of Monmouth's cafe can be found all over the UK．
C. Most independent stores are closed on New Year's Day in the UK．
D. It is cool in the UK to take your first date to a chain restaurant．

We can infer from the article that ______ ．

A. the author doesn't like food from Pizza Hut
B. the author doesn't like to follow fashion trends
C. many Britons think that numbers mean poor quality
D. many Britons don't like big corporations

Before the 1830s，most newspapers were sold through annual subscriptions in America， usually ﹩8 to ﹩10 a year． Today ﹩8 or ﹩10 seems a small amount of money， but at that time these amounts were forbidding to most citizens． Accordingly， newspapers were read almost only by rich people in politics or the trades． In addition， most newspapers had little in them that would appeal to a mass audience． They were dull and visually forbidding． But the revolution that was taking place in the 1830s would change all that．
The trend， then， was toward the "penny paper"-a term referring to papers made widely available to the public． It meant any inexpensive newspaper； perhaps more importantly it meant newspapers that could be bought in single copies on the street．
This development did not take place overnight． It had been possible（but not easy）to buy single copies of newspapers before 1830，but this usually meant the reader had to go down to the printer's office to purchase a copy． Street sales were almost unknown． However， within a few years， street sales of newspapers would be commonplace in eastern cities． At first the price of single copies was seldom a penny-usually two or three cents was charged-and some of the older well-known papers charged five or six cents． But the phrase "penny paper " caught the public's fancy， and soon there would be papers that did indeed sell for only a penny．
This new trend of newspapers for "the man on the street" did not begin well． Some of the early ventures（企业）were immediate failures． Publishers already in business， people who were owners of successful papers， had little desire to change the tradition． It took a few youthful and daring businessmen to get the ball rolling．



Which of the following best describes newspapers in America before the 1830s？ ______

A. Academic．
B. Unattractive．
C. Inexpensive．
D. Confidential．

What did street sales mean to newspapers？ ______

A. They would be priced higher．
B. They would disappear from cities．
C. They could have more readers．
D. They could regain public trust．

Who were the newspapers of the new trend targeted at？ ______

A. Local politicians．
B. Common people．
C. Young publishers．
D. Rich businessmen．

What can we say about the birth of the penny paper？ ______

A. It was a difficult process．
B. It was a temporary success．
C. It was a robbery of the poor．
D. It was a disaster for printers．

Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers．
A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 0-25 drops of water or juice as a reward． The researchers then tested how the monkeys combined-or added-the symbols to get the reward．
Here's how Harvard Medical School scientist Margaret Livingstone， who led the team， described the experiment： In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screens． On one part of the screen， a symbol would appear， and on the other side two symbols inside a circle were shown． For example， the number 7 would flash on one side of the screen and the other end would have 9 and 8． If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice； if they went for the circle， they would be rewarded with the sum of the numbers-17 in this example．
After running hundreds of tests， the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time， indicating that they were performing a calculation， not just memorizing the value of each combination．
When the team examined the results of the experiment more closely， they noticed that the monkeys tended to underestimate（低估）a sum compared with a single symbol when the two were close in value-sometimes choosing， for example， a 13 over the sum of 8 and 6． The underestimation was systematic： When adding two numbers， the monkeys always paid attention to the larger of the two， and then added only a fraction（小部分）of the smaller number to it．
"This indicates that there is a certain way quantity is represented in their brains， "Dr． Livingstone says． "But in this experiment what they're doing is paying more attention to the big number than the little one．"



What did the researchers do to the monkeys before testing them？ ______

A. They fed them．
B. They named them．
C. They trained them．
D. They measured them．

How did the monkeys get their reward in the experiment？ ______

A. By drawing a circle．
B. By touching a screen．
C. By watching videos．
D. By mixing two drinks．

What did Livingstone's team find about the monkeys？ ______

A. They could perform basic addition．
B. They could understand simple words．
C. They could memorize numbers easily．
D. They could hold their attention for long．

In which section of a newspaper may this text appear？ ______

A. Entertainment．
B. Health．
C. Education．
D. Science．

"You can use me as a last resort（选择）， and if nobody else volunteers， then I will do it．"This was an actual reply from a parent after I put out a request for volunteers for my kids" lacrosse（长曲棍球） club．
I guess that there's probably some demanding work schedule， or social anxiety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport． She may just need a little persuading． So I try again and tug at the heartstrings． I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids aren't even on…At this point the unwilling parent speaks up，"Alright． Yes，I'll do it．"
I'm secretly relieved because I know there's real power in sharing volunteer responsibilities among many．The unwilling parent organizes the meal schedule，sends out emails，and collects money for end-of-season gifts． Somewhere along the way，the same parent ends up becoming an invaluable member of the team．The coach is able to focus on the kids while the other parents are relieved to be off the hook for another season． Handing out sliced oranges to bloodthirsty kids can be as exciting as watching your own kid score a goal．
Still， most of us volunteers breathe a sigh of relief when the season comes to a close．That relief is coupled with a deep understanding of why the same people keep coming back for more： Connecting to the community （社区） as you freely give your time， money， skills，or services provides a real joy． Volunteering just feels so good．
In that sense， I'm pretty sure volunteering is more of a selfish act than I'd freely like to admit． However， if others benefit in the process， and I get some reward too， does it really matter where my motivation lies？



What can we infer about the parent from her reply in paragraph 1？ ______

A. She knows little about the club．
B. She isn't good at sports．
C. She just doesn't want to volunteer．
D. She's unable to meet her schedule．

What does the underlined phrase"tug at the heartstrings"in paragraph 2 mean？ ______

A. Encourage teamwork．
B. Appeal to feelings．
C. Promote good deeds．
D. Provide advice．

What can we learn about the parent from paragraph 3？ ______

A. She gets interested in lacrosse．
B. She is proud of her kids．
C. She'll work for another season．
D. She becomes a good helper．

Why does the author like doing volunteer work？ ______

A. It gives her a sense of duty．
B. It makes her very happy．
C. It enables her to work hard．
D. It brings her material rewards．

What can we infer from the last paragraph？ ______

Which of the following would be the best title of the text？ ______

Smile! It makes everyone in the room feel better because they， consciously or unconsciously， are smiling with you． Growing evidence shows that an instinct for facial mimicry（模仿） allows us to empathize with and even experience other people's feelings． If we can't mirror another person's face， it limits our ability to read and properly react to their expressions． A review of this emotional mirroring appears on February 11 in Trends in Cognitive Sciences．
In their paper， Paula Niedenthal and Adrienne Wood， social psychologists at the University of Wisconsin， describe how people in social situations copy others" facial expressions to create emotional responses in themselves． For example， if you're with a friend who looks sad， you might "try on" that sad face yourself without realizing you're doing so． In "trying on" your friend's expression， it helps you to recognize what they're feeling by associating it with times in the past when you made that expression． Humans get this emotional meaning from facial expressions in a matter of only a few hundred milliseconds．
"You reflect on your emotional feelings and then you generate some sort of recognition judgment， and the most important thing that results in is that you take the appropriate action-you approach the person or you avoid the person，" Niedenthal says． "Your own emotional reaction to the face changes your perception of how you see the face in such a way that provides you with more information about what it means．"
A person's ability to recognize and "share" others" emotions can be prevented when they can't mimic faces． This is a common complaint for people with motor diseases， like facial paralysis（瘫痪） from a stroke， or even due to nerve damage from plastic surgery． Niedenthal notes that the same would not be true for people who suffer from paralysis from birth， because if you've never had the ability to mimic facial expressions， you will have developed compensatory ways of interpreting emotions．
People with social disorders associated with mimicry or emotion-recognition damage， like autism（自闭症）， can experience similar challenges． "There are some symptoms in autism where lack of facial mimicry may in part be due to limitation of eye contact，" Niedenthal says．
Niedenthal next wants to explore what part in the brain is functioning to help with facial expression recognition． A better understanding of that part， she says， will give us a better idea of how to treat related disorders．



According to the passage， facial mimicry helps ______ ．

A. experience one's own feelings clearly
B. change others" emotions quickly
C. respond to others" expressions properly
D. develop friendship with others easily

We can know from Paragraph 4 and 5 that ______ ．

A. people with motor diseases may also suffer from autism
B. people born with facial paralysis may still recognize emotions
C. people with social disorders can't have eye contact with others
D. people receiving plastic surgery have difficulty in mimicking faces

According to Niedenthal， the next step of the study will focus on ______ ．

A. how we can treat brain disorders
B. what can be done to regain facial mimicry
C. how our brain helps us with emotional mirroring
D. what part of our brain helps recognize facial expression

The passage is written to ______ ．

A. discuss how people react positively to others" smiles
B. draw people's attention to those with social disorders
C. introduce a new trend in facial expression recognition
D. explain how emotional mirroring affects people's empathy

(2018•山东) 在每小题列出的四个选项中，只有一项符合题目要求，请将符合题目要求的选项字母代号选出，并填涂在答题卡上。
　　The old Roger house had been empty for six months，and finally someone was moving in，Betsy didn’t see any children getting out of the car，just an older woman in a wheelchair. Betsy asked，" Mom，is it alright if I go over to say hello to our new neighborr " " Why don’t you wait until tomorrow ? " said her mom .
　　The next morning they decided to bring some cookies to their new neighbor and introduce themselves，The lady came to the door and said her name was Emily Harris. She invited them into the house，Betsy and her mom introduced themselves and stayed only for a short time ." We don’t want to waste your time，" said Betsy’s mom." If you ever need anything，let us know，" " Thanks so much，" said Miss Harris .
　　After breakfast the next day，Betsy decided to visit Miss Harris again .Betsy rang the doorbell but didn’t get an answer. The door was unlocked，so Betsy looked inside only to see Miss Harris had tried to reach a shelf and had taken a fall next to her wheelchair. Betsy ran to Miss Harris and asked her if she was alright " I think I broke my arm，" said Miss Harris . Betsy called for an ambulance ( 救护车 ).Miss Harris was soon taken to the hospital. When Miss Harris returned home from hospital on Sunday she went to Betsy’s house and thanked her，" You are a very kind girl. I’m so lucky to have bought this house next to you ! " Betsy smiled the biggest smile and said，" Welcome to the neighborhood，"
(1)How long was the Roger house empty ?
A.One week. B.One month. C.Three months. D.Six months.
(2)Who was living in the Roger house ?
A.Betsy and her mom. B.Just Miss Harries.
C.Miss Harries and her brother. D.Miss Harries and a dog.
(3)How did Miss Harries describe Betsy at the end of the story ?
A.Noisy. B.Shy. C.Naughty. D.Kind.
(4)According to the text，we can learn that people in the neighborhood should______.
A.often interrupt others B.help each other
C.share some cookies D.mind their own business
(5)Which of the following might be the best title for the text ?
A.An Old Woman in a Wheelchair. B.Mother and Daughter.
C.Welcome to the Neighborhood. D.Call for an Ambulance.

(2018•山东)
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(2)If you want to rent a one-bedroom apartment，you can call______.
A.555-778-6565 B.555-778-6967 C.555-778-6251 D.555-778-6494
(3)Which of the following is true according to the text ?
A.Steven Fielder’s house is in the south of the city.
B.Jack Brown wants to rent an apartment near a hospital.
C.Mary Smith lost her purse with only an ID card inside.
D.Lily Wang wants to share the apartment with a man.
(4)According to the text，we can learn that______.
A.Steven Field er’s house was built in 2012
B.Jack Brown wants to rent an apartment for a years
C.Lily Wang wants to improve her English
D.Steven Fielder wants to sell his house for 300，000
(5)The adverlisements can probably be found in a______.
A.textbook war B newspaper C.story book D.dictionary

C Most people may think that people who write computer code must be good at math and logical thinking． However， people who write computer code say that creativity is also an important quality for coding．
Software developers in the American state of California have created a game called Osmo Coding Jam． The game is designed to help children use the creative side of their minds as they learn to code． Children can play the game on iPads． There are many activities they can do by the game．
Tanya Dodge is the mother of two children， nine-year-old Dylan and his 11-year-old sister Meghan，who play the game． According to her， these activities give them important skills for the future． "It's an analytical skill that the kids are going to need to have as they grow up today"said Dodge．
But the developers of Osmo Coding Jam believe writing code should be more than just an analytical skill． "We want to explore the creative side of coding that I think is often not as explored，" said Felix Hu， an Osmo engineer． Hu added， "The coolest part is that we're teaching kids how to be creative with code and that's a really important thing that kids should get comfortable with because coding is creative．"
Hu also sees a growing number of parents who feel that software code is a second language that children need to learn to succeed in future jobs． Tanya Dodge， the mother of Dylan and Meghan， consents． She said， "I think you're going to have to understand at some point the idea of coding will work well in the future．"
Hu also explained that very often kids grow up not understanding how a computer works or just thinking that it's like a magical machine． He said by breaking it down to a lower level， kids can understand that the computer isn't as smart as they think it is．



Osmo Coding Jam is designed for ______ ．

A. training kids" logical thinking
B. helping kids learn to code fast
C. helping children learn math well
D. helping kids become more creative

What does Tanya Dodge think of Osmo Coding Jam？ ______

A. It needs to be improved．
B. It is highly addictive for kids．
C. It is of great help to today's kids．
D. It is imperfect in training kids" analytical skill．

Which of the following statements is True according to the text？ ______

A. Tanya Dodge agrees that coding is good for children to succeed in future jobs．
B. Many parents doubts whether coding will help children work well in the future．
C. Creativity is not so important as logical thinking for coding．
D. Tanya Dodge has two girls， who play the game， Osmo Coding Jam．

What can we know about kids" learning coding from the last paragraph？ ______

A. It makes them much more confident and creative．
B. It makes them like using computers more．
C. It helps them know better about computers．
D. It helps them know better about themselves．

What's the author's purpose in writing the passage？ ______

A. To tell how to learn to code well．
B. To tell about a new game for kids．
C. To encourage kids to learn to code．
D. To show the importance of creativity．