选择知识点

Many people spend more than four hours per day on We Chat， and it is redefining the word "friend．" Does friending someone on social media make him or her your friend in real life？
Robin Dunbar， a professor at Oxford University， found that only 15， of the 150 Facebook friends the average user has， could be counted as actual friends and only five as close friends． We Chat may show a similar pattern．
Those with whom you attended a course together， applied for the same part-time job， went to a party and intended to cooperate but failed take up most of your WeChat friends． In chat records， the only message may be a system notice， "You have accepted somebody's friend request"． Sometimes when seeing some photos shared on "Moments"， you even need several minutes to think about when you became friends． Also， you may be disturbed by mass messages （群发信息） sent from your unfamiliar "friends"， including requests for voting for their children or friends， links from Pinduoduo．com （a Chinese e-commerce platform that allows users to buy items at lower prices if they purchase in groups） and cookie-cutter （千篇一律的） blessings in holidays．
You would have thought about deleting this type of "friends" and sort out your connections． But actually you did not do that as you were taught that social networking is valuable to one's success． Besides， it would be really awkward if they found that you have unfriended them already． Then， you keep increasing your "friends" in social media and click "like" on some pictures that you are not really interested． But the fact is that deep emotional connections do not come with the increasing number of your friends in social media．
If the number of your friends reaches 150， maintaining these relationships can be tough to you， and sometimes even will make you anxious． According to Robin Dunbar， 150 is the limit of the number of people with whom one can maintain stable social relationships．



What can we learn from Robin Dunbar's finding in Paragraph 2？ ______

A. A Facebook user has 250 friends on average．
B. Most of the social media friends can be actual friends．
C. Among our social media friends， only a few people matter．
D. Only 15people of a person's Facebook friends can be close friends．

What does the third paragraph tell us about most of your WeChat friends？ ______

A. You have deep communication with them．
B. You benefit a lot from their mass messages．
C. You just have a nodding acquaintance with them．
D. You become friends with them in important occasions．

What does the underlined word "that" in Paragraph 4 refer to？ ______

A. Removing unfamiliar friends in WeChat．
B. Strengthening ties with your We Chat friends．
C. Keeping increasing your friends in social media．
D. Clicking "like" on pictures posted by your friends．

What can we infer from the last paragraph？ ______

A. We will be anxious if we make friends online．
B. We should avoid making any friends in social media．
C. We should make as many friends as possible in social media．
D. We have difficulty managing relationships with over 150 people．

Many people think that hippos（河马） are cute and funny-looking． They are really fat and they have short， thick legs． They also have little round ears that wiggle（摆动） sometimes．
Hippos look funny， but you shouldn't judge a book by its cover． Hippos are extremely violent and dangerous． In fact， they kill more people than any other animal in Africa． Think of how many dangerous animals that Africa has． It has got crocodiles， snakes， lions， elephants， and many more． Hippos also are more dangerous than all of them．
Hippos are naturally very dangerous animals， but there are some situations that make them even more dangerous than normal． They are very territorial． That means that they stay in one area which they consider to be their private area． If a person or animal enters a hippo's area， the hippo will attack． Hippos often attack when they are returning to the water． Hippos eat on land and return to the water at dusk． If a hippo sees an animal when it's returning to the water， it will become violent．
Hippos are so strong that they often kill crocodiles． There are two reasons that explain why hippos and crocodiles often fight． First of all， hippos and crocodiles live in the same areas． Since hippos are territorial， they don't like having crocodiles nearby． Also， crocodiles often eat young hippos． For that reason， adult hippos frequently kill crocodiles．
Mother and daughter hippos have close relationships． However， hippos don't have any other close relationship with each other． Hippos often live together in large groups， but scientists don't know why． It's hard to study the behavior of male and female hippos， because males and females look the same．
Hippos are violent， but they are herbivores． A herbivore is an animal that eats only plants． An adult hippo eats about 50 kilograms of plants every day． Hippos are much more comfortable in the water， but they can run fast on land． Their top speed is about 19kilometers per hour． That's much faster than humans can run．



What is the text mainly about？ ______

A. The fight between hippos and crocodiles．
B. How to tell male hippos from female ones．
C. Africa's most dangerous animal--- hippos．
D. Why hippos get violent．

If an animal is territorial， what does that mean？ ______

A. It is afraid of other animals．
B. It stays within a limited area．
C. It does not like to live in large groups．
D. It does not want other animals to enter its area．

What is the author's purpose in writing the text？ ______

A. To inform．
B. To entertain．
C. To instruct．
D. To persuade．

People with positive "affective presence" are easy to be around and oil the gears of social interactions．
Some people can walk into a room and instantly put everyone at ease． Others seem to make teeth clench and eyes roll no matter what they do． A small body of psychology research supports the idea that the way a person tends to make others feel is a consistent and measurable part of his personality． Researchers call it "affective presence．"
This concept was first described nearly 10 years ago and it's been known for some time that emotions are contagious： If one person feels angry， she may well infect her neighbor with that anger． But affective presence is an effect one has regardless of one's own feelings-those with positive affective presence make other people feel good， even if they personally are anxious or sad， and the opposite is true for those with negative affective presence．
"To use common， everyday words， some people are just annoying． It doesn't mean they're annoyed all the time，" Elfenbein says． "They may be content because they're always getting their way． Some people bring out great things in others while they're themselves quite depressed．"
Unsurprisingly， people who consistently make others feel good are more central to their social networks-in Elfenbein's study， more of their classmates considered them to be friends． They also got more romantic interest from others in a separate speed-dating study．
Hector Madrid， an organizational-behavior professor at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile， has taken a particular interest in how the affective presence of leaders in the workplace can influence their teams" performance． He and his collaborators have found that leaders who make other people feel good by their very presence have teams that are better at sharing information， which leads to more innovation． Subordinates （下属）are more likely to voice their ideas， too， to a leader with positive affective presence．
"When you propose new ideas， that is in some way dangerous， because you are challenging the status quo （现状），" Madrid says． "People are not necessarily open to new ideas， so in order to speak your ideas， you need to feel safe． Positive emotions are important for that．"
Exactly what people are doing that sets others at ease or puts them off hasn't yet been studied． It may have to do with body language， or tone of voice， or being a good listener． Madrid suggests that further research might also find that some people have a strong affective presence （whether positive or negative）， while others" affective presence is weaker． But both Madrid and Elfenbein suggest that a big part of affective presence may be how people regulate emotions-those of others and their own．
Throughout the day， one experiences emotional "blips" as Elfenbein puts it-blips of annoyance or excitement or sadness． The question is， "Can you regulate yourself so those blips don't infect other people？" she asks． "Can you smooth over the noise in your life so other people aren't affected by it？"
This "smoothing over"-or emotional regulation-could take the form of finding the positive in a bad situation， which can be healthy． But it could also take the form of suppressing one's own emotions just to keep other people comfortable， which is less so．
Elfenbein notes that positive affective presence isn't inherently （本质上）good， either for the person themselves， or for their relationships with others． Neither is negative affective presence necessarily always a bad thing in a leader-think of a football coach yelling at the team at halftime， motivating them to make a comeback． Elfenbein suspects that affective presence is closely related to emotional intelligence． And， she says， " You can useyour intelligence to cure cancer， but you canalso use it to be a criminal mastermind（策划）．"



Who can be described as having affective presence？ ______

A. Those who make others feel offended．
B. Those who get friends together at a party．
C. Those who share a comfortable room．
D. Those who feel at ease in social interactions．

The underlined word "contagious" in Paragraph 3 can be replaced by ______ ．

A. lasting
B. spreading
C. Evolving
D. threatening

How will people with positive affective presence be rewarded？ ______

A. They will be allowed to do whatever they want．
B. They will free themselves from negative feelings．
C. They will be better known for their mixed feelings．
D. They will gain more popularity in their social circle．

How might employers with positive affective presence influence their employees？ ______

A. Employees might gain competence in a wide range of skills．
B. Employees might become more open to ideas and advice．
C. Employees might build confidence in challenging employers．
D. Employees might be more creative and willing to share ideas．

What might be the major factor in deciding people's affective presence？ ______

A. Varieties of body language．
B. Capability to regulate emotions．
C. Patience to listen to others．
D. Experiences of emotional outburst．

What does Elfenbein mean by saying the underlined words in the last paragraph？ ______

A. Cancer and Criminal behavior are closely related to intelligence．
B. Positive affective presence is definitely beneficial to people's health，
C. People should adopt an objective attitude towards affective presence．
D. People should use different affective presences on different occasions．

Perhaps you think you could easily add to your happiness with more money． Strange as it may seem， if you're unsatisfied， the issue is not a lack of means to meet your desires but a lack of desires----not that you cannot satisfy your tastes but that you don't have enough tastes．
Real riches consist of well-developed and hearty capacities to enjoy life． Most people are already swamped with things． They eat， wear， go and talk too much． They live in too big a house with too many rooms， yet their house of life is a hut．
Your house of life ought to be a mansion， a royal palace． Every new taste， every additional interest， every fresh enthusiasm adds a room． Here are several rooms your house of life should have．
Art should be a desire for you to develop simply because the world is full of beautiful things． If you only understood how to enjoy them and feed your spirit on them， they would make you as happy as to find plenty of ham and eggs when you're hungry．
Literature， classic literature， is a beautiful， richly furnished room where you might find many an hour of rest and refreshment． To gain that love would go toward making you a rich person， for a rich person is not someone who has a library but who likes a library．
Music like Mozart's and Bach's shouldn't be absent． Real riches are of the spirit． And when you've brought that spirit up to where classical music feeds it and makes you a little drunk， you have increased your thrills and bettered them． And life is a matter of thrills．
Sports， without which you remain poor， mean a lot in life． No matter who you are． you would be more human， and your house of life would be better supported against the bad days， if you could， and did， play a bit．
Whatever rooms you might add to your house of life， the secret of enjoying life is to keep adding．



The author intends to tell us that ______ ．

A. true happiness lies in achieving wealth by fair means
B. true happiness comes from spiritual riches
C. big houses can in a sense bring richness of life
D. big houses are people's most valued possessions

The underlined sentence in Paragraph 2 probably implies that ______ ．

A. however materially rich， they never seem to be satisfied
B. however materially rich， they remain spiritually poor
C. though their house is big， they prefer a simple life
D. though their house is big， it seems to be a cage

It can be learned from the passage that ______ ．

A. more money brings more happiness
B. literature can enrich your spiritual life
C. art is needed to make your house beautiful
D. sports contribute mainly to your physical fitness

What would be the best title for the passage？ ______

A. House of Life
B. Secret of Wealth
C. Rest and Refreshment
D. Interest and Enthusiasm

Here's an idea whose time has come： A flu shot that doesn't require an actual shot．
For the first time， researchers have tested a flu vaccine patch （疫苗贴） in a human clinical trial and found that it delivered as much protection as a traditional injection with a needle． Doctors and public health experts have high hopes that it will increase the number of people who get immunized （免疫的） against the flu．
Seasonal flu is responsible for up to half a million deaths around the world each year according to the World Health Organization． A team led by Georgia Tech engineer Mark Prausnitz has come up with an alternative method that uses "microneedles"． These tiny needles are so small that 100of them， arranged in order on a patch， can fit under your thumb （拇指）． Yet they're big enough to hold vaccine for three types of flu．
None of the study volunteers had serious side effects． The groups that got patches had mild skin reactions that were not seen in the regular needle group， while the volunteers in the regular needle group were more likely to experience pain． Overall， 70percent of the volunteers who got vaccine patches said they'd rather use them again than get a traditional flu shot． The study authors declared it a success on all fronts．
The biggest beneficiaries could be people in low-and-middle-income countries， where flu vaccines are hard to come by． Reducing pain is nice， but other benefits-the patch costs less， is easier to transport， doesn't require refrigeration， can be self-administered and doesn't cause waste of needles - are even better．
"Microneedle Patches have the potential to become ideal candidates for vaccination programs，" wrote Katja Hoschler and Maria Zambon of Public Health England．



What is the passage mainly about？ ______

A. A vaccine patch that cures people of their flu．
B. A clinical study that protects people from disease．
C. A patch that makes flu shots a thing of the past．
D. A method that makes traditional flu shots painless．

What do we know about the vaccine patch？ ______

A. It is produced by the WHO．
B. It causes slight side effects．
C. It delivers vaccine to the little finger．
D. It works badly on 30% of the volunteers．

The new patch has all the following benefits except that ______ ．

A. it is provided free of charge
B. it can be used without a doctor
C. it can be kept at room temperature
D. it needs less care in transportation

What is Katja and Maria's attitude towards the new shot？ ______

A. Cautious．
B. Favorable．
C. Ambiguous．
D. Disapproving．

On November 7， Lewis Pugh completed a one-kilometer swim in the freezing waters of King Edward Cove， off South Georgia in Antarctica． He was wearing only his swimming glasses， cap and Speedos （速度计）．
Pugh is an advocate （提倡者） for our oceans and seas， working to protect these ecosystems （生态系统） with their large diversity of sea life． When asked why he doesn't wear a wetsuit， Lewis says， " I ask world leaders to do everything they can to protect our oceans． Sometimes the steps they need to take are difficult and unpopular． If I'm asking them to be courageous， I must also be． Swimming in a wetsuit would not send the right message．"
It took Pugh about 19 minutes to complete the one-kilometer swim in Antarctica where the water averaged about 1.6 degrees Celsius． He says that his body can only tolerate about 20 minutes in the freezing waters before it starts shutting down． As he swims， his body temperature steadily drops， which in turn causes his muscle control to drop， slowing him down． When he is done with his swim， his support team rushes him to a hot shower and it takes almost an hour for his body temperature to return to normal．
Doctors and Pugh warn that one must receive months of training to swim in such cold waters． Even expert swimmers who are unused to freezing water can drown within minutes because of the physical shock experienced by the body． Pugh says he trained for six months before this swim．
This is not the first time that Lewis has swum in dangerous conditions． In 2007， he swam one kilometer in the North Pole to draw attention to the melting Arctic ice due to the climate change． In 2015， he swam in the Bay of Whales in Antarctica's Ross Sea as part of his successful campaign to help set up a sea life reserve （保护中心） there．



Why did Lewis Pugh swim without a wetsuit？ ______

A. To swim faster．
B. To protect the ecosystems．
C. To win public attention．
D. To show his bravery．

What does the underlined word "it" in Paragraph 3 refer to ______ ？

A. His body temperature．
B. His muscle．
C. His body．
D. The water temperature．

According to the passage， if one is going to swim in freezing waters， he ______ ．

A. should be expert at swimming
B. should be ready to take on challenges
C. must be trained professionally
D. must be used to long-distance swimming

What may be the best title for the text？ ______

A. Tips for protecting oceans and seas
B. Lewis Pugh： swimming for a cause
C. Tips for extreme swimming
D. Lewis Pugh： achieving the impossible

A huge lake of salty water appears to be buried deep in Mars，scientists reported this week．The presence of water raises the chances of finding life on the red planet．The discovery is based on observations by a European spacecraft．It has excited experts．Water is necessary for life，and scientists have long hoped to prove that it is present on Mars．
Cassie Stuurman is a geophysicist at the University of Texas．In 2016，she found evidence of a huge ice deposit（沉积）on Mars．"If these researchers are right，this is the first time we've found evidence of a large water body on Mars．"Stuurman said．Researchers are not yet sure how deep the area of water is．So，they cannot say whether it is an underground pool，or just an area of soft and wet soil．
In order to find the water，Italian researchers examined radar signals．The signals were collected over three years by the European Space Agency's Mars Express spacecraft．The results suggest that a 20-kilometer-wide water body lies below ice that is 1.5kilometers thick．They believe the area is close to the planet's southern pole．
Mars is very cold，but salt in the water may have kept it from freezing．It is the same as when you put salt on a road to prevent ice from forming．The water would be extremely cold，right at the point where it's about to freeze．And it would be salty．Such conditions are not ideal for life to form．But，she said there are bacteria on the earth that have been able to survive in similar conditions．
Mars has been a popular planet for exploration，with some groups placing instruments on its surface and others examining it from space．In May，NASA launched another spacecraft，the InSight Mars lander which will dig deep into the data under the surface after it reaches a flat area of the planet in November．



Where do the Italian researchers believe the water body on Mars is？ ______

A. In a poo1．
B. Above ice．
C. In soft and wet soil．
D. Near the southern pole of Mars．

What can we learn about the water on Mars from the text？ ______

A. It is probably filled with creatures．
B. It flows on the surface of Mars．
C. It is mainly in the form of solid．
D. It is probably at the freezing point．

What will the InSight Mars lander do when it reaches Mars？ ______

A. Dig a hole to protect the lander itself．
B. Explore the surface of Mars．
C. Gather information under the surface of Mars．
D. Examine Mars from space．

What is the main idea of the text？ ______

A. Life used to exist on Mars．
B. Researchers find new species on Mars．
C. Mars will be the humans'second home．
D. Water is buried beneath Mars'surface．

        Photography（摄影） is a very popular art form. Anyone with a camera - or a mobile phone - can practice it. A picture communicates in a way that words often can't. As the photographer Destin Sparks put it,  "Photography is the story I fail to put into words." And there's no better chance to practice the art of photography than during our vacation time.
        Holiday photos have been a part of the culture of travelers for a long time. For decades, vacationers have made sure they've packed a camera along with bathing suits, Hawaiian shirts and sunglasses. A camera is an important holiday item. But over the last 10 years, photography has become much more popular. It's easy to capture （ 捕捉 ） still and moving pictures of places of interest, and it's also easy to show off these pictures on social media. Armed with their smart phones, tourists, this year more than ever, are capturing the beauty of our planet.
        Of course, travel companies have caught on to this. Trekksoft has an example of photo-tourism from the United States, a land with a vast choice of beautiful locations. Antelope Slot Canyon Tours in Arizona specializes in tours of the state's famous canyons（峡谷）, which gives photographers the chance to capture them on camera.
        Most of the tourists are able to make beautiful images with just their mobile phones. Still, help is on hand from the tour guide for those who aren't great at using their cameras. These tour guides have taken a course in photography in case the skills they've learned would help their customers.


According to the writer, which of the following can be the best time to practice photography? ______
A. The time when people are traveling around. B. The time when people have no words to say. C. The time when you have a tour guide to help you. D. The time when you have a mobile phone with you.
Why has photography become much more popular in the past ten years? ______
A. More and more people have cameras. B. The planet is becoming more beautiful. C. Visiting places of interest becomes easy. D. Posting pictures on social media becomes easy.
What does the underlined word "this" in Paragraph 3 refer to? ______
A. The beauty of our planet. B. The tourism in the United States. C. The popularity of holiday photography. D. The technology of photography.
What is special about Antelope Slot Canyon Tours? ______
A. Its wide choices. B. Its photo-tourism. C. Its best tour guide. D. Its great photography course.