选择知识点

For generations， students were taught to stretch before playing games． Then the practice fell out of favor． Studies seemed to show that such stretching temporarily reduces muscular power， weakens athletic performance and increases the risk of injury． So a majority of fitness experts currently advise against stretches before exercise． But now a new research indicates that they might not be such a bad idea after all．
This month， the journal， Applied Physiology， Nutrition and Metabolism（APNM）， published a study by four distinguished exercise scientists who analyzed more than 200 studies of how stretching affects the following exercise． In broad terms， they found that stretching can briefly prevent the ability to generate power． So if you reach for your toes and hold that position， tightening your hamstrings（腿筋）， you might not then be able to leap as high or start a dash as forcefully as you don't stretch．
Those undesirable effects were generally found， however， only if each stretch was held for more than 60 seconds and the subject then immediately became fully active， with no further warm-up． "Most people are unlikely to hold a warm-up stretch for longer than about 30 seconds．" Dr． McHugh， the co-author of the study says． The review found few lasting negative impacts from these short stretches， especially if the volunteers followed that stretching with several minutes of jogging or other basic warm-up movements． In fact， these short stretches turned out to have a positive effect．
Do these findings mean that all the athletes should stretch in advance before a match？ "Not necessarily，" Dr． McHugh says， "Runners and cyclists don't have much risk for acute muscle injuries．" They can warm up by jogging or pedaling lightly． But he suggests that people who play basketball and other ball sports should stretch in advance． Those who haven't stretched since childhood gym class might want to consider consulting an athletic trainer about the best upper and lower body stretches．



Which of the following statements agrees with most fitness experts？ ______

A. Before playing a game you should stretch your legs and arms．
B. After attending a match you should stretch your legs and arms．
C. It's harmful to stretch your legs and arms before playing games．
D. It doesn't matter whether you stretch or not before playing games．

According to the new research， people may suffer negative impacts when ______ ．

A. they do stretches after attending a game
B. they reach for toes and hold that position
C. following a stretch with several minutes" jogging
D. dashing immediately after one 60-second plus stretch

We can learn from the passage that ______ ．

A. all athletes should not stretch in advance
B. the four scientists published the journal APNM
C. it's unnecessary for a tennis player to do warm-up stretches
D. players ought to have done warm-up stretches since childhood

What's Dr． McHugh's attitude toward stretches？ ______

A. Concerned．
B. Suspicious．
C. Indifferent．
D. Objective．

World travel has moved on to a new level as new websites appear to enable travelers to plan their trips online． Virtual（虚拟的）tourism is the latest name of the game and although relatively new， has seen some tourism websites grow to host over one million users．
Typically， this development features a website that contains the answers to almost any tourism question． Tips and information are not provided by a single source， such as the website host， but rather from travelers themselves---often in the thousands． This has proven to be exceptionally beneficial for would-be travelers who are seeking information on questions such as where to find the best museum or beach， whether it is better to tour Brussels with a bicycle or on foot， and which exchange rate bureaus are available in Italy． Questions about food and restaurants， tourist spots， safety， accommodation， and others are all answered． In addition， posted tips promote better preparation， such as what to pack when heading for Sicily．
Apart from the useful tips， visualimages and virtual tours have also been made available． If you'd like to visit the Eiffel Tower， it's a good idea to view the surrounding areas， to pick a safer train route， or to know that it's very close to the Seine River and that a walk along it would enhance the experience．
Virtual tours have sprung up globally． In South Africa， John Gore established the Virtual Tour Guide in November last year． On his blog， Gore was quoted as saying， "The world is panoramic（全景的）．"
"We are able to turn our heads and look in all directions and get a feel for where we are， but the typical photograph cannot show or describe that experience completely．"
However， there is an answer一technology makes it possible to share the world around us in a 360 degree panoramic way， which really makes the viewer feel as though he or she is really there．



Why is virtual tourism more and more popular？ ______

A. Many new websites appear and develop fast．
B. Online games are more and more attractive．
C. More and more people want to travel abroad．
D. It helps travelers save as much money as possible．

From the second paragraph， we know ______ ．

A. we can solve any problem on websites
B. websites offer all the tips and information
C. we can get all our questions answered online
D. we can get many tips about tourism on websites

What does the underlined word "sprung up" in Para． 4 most probably mean？ ______

A. Moved．
B. competed．
C. Reduced．
D. Appeared．

What makes us see the world in a panoramic way？ ______

A. Information．
B. Photograph．
C. Technology．
D. Virtual images．

What's the main purpose of the passage？ ______

A. To introduce the history of virtual tourism．
B. To give some advice on virtual tourism online．
C. To attract more tourists to travel to the world．
D. To teach us how to establish a website online．

No one can claim such mastery of the fantasy sound as British music composer John Williams． It's a style of music he did much to define in Star Wars and then for many other films for the director Steven Spielberg． There are distinctive melodies which give the feeling of flying，parts of music to represent different characters and complex details． In addition， everything follows the symphonic style of a hundred of years ago． It's what the film industry in Hollywood wants， and what audiences everywhere expect．
Can we call it art，or is it simply a sort of factory product？ For the cinema-goer sitting with a popcorn bag the question doesn't arise． But since film music now spreads to a different audience far outside cinemas， on promoted soundtrack CDs and serious concert platforms， it may be interesting to answer the question．
Composers themselves have expressed very diverse opinions． Interviewed some years ago， Williams himself proudly referred to film music as "the opera of the 20th century"． On the other hand， Richard Rodney Bennett， the composer of the music for the film Murder on the Orient Expressy declared that Min writing film music one is really using only a sixth of one's musical mind"． Everyone agrees on one point though： the rewards are pleasingly high． There are royalties（版税）． And if you hit the right buttons you can get into the sideline （副业）of a concert career，regularly mounting（举办）live performances of film compositions．
But if you consider the working conditions that composers put up with， it may be hard to class film music as art． First of all，film music is composed in snippets（片段），timed to the second， and written after the Him is shot． Then there are mad deadlines． Next， the composer has to live with the fact that he has no artistic control． Finally， the worst thing is that what is written struggles to get itself noticed against a background of dialogue and every possible visual delight from cartoon character Shrek's green body to actor Tom Cruise's chin．
But think of the German composer Bach in the eighteenth century， satisfying his employers by writing one cantata （清唱剧） a week． Few composers can write without a task． And for the true artist， rules and restrictions stimulate．
So， what's my conclusion？ Art or factory product？ Both in fact， although there's rather more of the factory product than I would like at times．



What is the author trying to say about John Williams" music？ ______

A. It is more popular in Hollywood．
B. It has certain characteristics easy to identify．
C. It is similar to other composers" music．
D. It is too old-fashioned．

What does the author imply about the attitude of cinema-goer to film music？ ______

A. They think it is mass-produced．
B. They are only interested in soundtrack CDs．
C. They don't care whether it has artistic quality．
D. They feel it is an important part of the cinema experience．

Which view of film music do all composers share？ ______

A. They can use it as a way into an alternative career．
B. They consider that it is a worthy outlet for their talents．
C. They appreciate the financial gains they make from it．
D. They need it to supplement their main source of income．

What is the worst aspect of a film composer's working conditions？ ______

A. The deadlines cannot be met．
B. He has no control over how the music is used．
C. The music has to be composed after the film is completed．
D. The music has to compete for attention with other parts of the film．

The author compares modern film composers with Bach to show that ______ ．

A. some composers work better under pressure
B. most composers need some financial help
C. composers must aim to please their employers
D. composers have unreasonable demands placed on them

BBullying（欺凌）among schoolchildren is nothing new． Calling someone names，stealing their possessions， threatening and even beating them up are all well-established bullying techniques． Yet for young people today there is a relatively new form of bullying which can occur even when the bullies are nowhere near their victims--- and it can have equal， if not more damaging effects．
Online-bullying is one of the downsides of new technology and involves using devices like mobile phones and computers． Online-bullies can strike at any time， no matter where they， or their victims are． About 22 percent of young people in the UK claim to have suffered from online-bullying．
Not only are online-bullies harder to avoid， they are also harder to catch． It is all too easy to send an anonymous（匿名的）threat by text on a pay-as-you-go phone with an unknown number． It takes no time at all to set up a false Facebook， Twitter， blog or social network account and to post an insulting message． And， if you know how to hide your IP address， you can upload an offensive video to a website like You Tube and your victim wouldn't know who to blame．
One of the most upsetting things about online-bullying is that it can involve more people than traditional forms of bullying． A bully can insult you or tell lies about you and share that information with the entire school at the touch of a button-and for some teenagers that is all too hard to bear． The UK Charity Beatbullying suggests that up to 44% of suicides among ten-to-fourteen-year-olds may be bullying-related．
The good news is that the world is starting to wise up to online-bullying． Schools and websites like http://www．chlidnet-int．org/ offer lots of advice and victim support and social network sites now advise users to think carefully about their privacy settings so that personal information is only shared with friends．



Which of the following is NOT the way of bullying according to Paragraph 1？ ______

A. Shouting abuse at somebody．
B. Stealing somebody's things．
C. Frightening somebody．
D. Makinga call to somebody．

The underlined word "downsides" in Paragraph 2 probably means ______ ．

A. Benefits
B. effects
C. disadvantages
D. points

According to the writer， it is difficult to ______ ．

A. download a false video
B. post a unfriendly message
C. know who sends online-bullies
D. set up a true Facebook account

Why do online-bullying involve more people than traditional forms of bullying？ ______

A. More people like to tell lies．
B. Online-bullying is easy to spread．
C. More people want to become famous．
D. More people like to make fun of others．

What could be the best title of the passage？ ______

A. Bullying is harmful．
B. Bullying goes high-tech．
C. Online-bullying is hard to catch．
D. People can get rid of online-bullying．

Children have their own rules in playing games．They seldom need a referee and rarely trouble to keep scores．They don't care much about who wins or loses，and it doesn't seem to worry them if the game is not finished．Yet，they like games that depend a lot on luck，so that their personal abilities cannot be directly compared．They also enjoy games that move in stages，in which each stage，the choosing of leaders，the picking-up of sides，or the determining of which side shall start，is almost a game in itself．
Grown-ups can hardly find children's games exciting，and they often feel puzzled at why their kids play such simple games again and again．However，it is found that a child plays games for very important reasons．He can be a good player without having to think whether he is a popular person，and he can find himself being a useful partner to someone of whom he is ordinarily afraid．He becomes a leader when it comes to his turn．He can be confident，too，in particular games，that it is his place to give orders，to pretend to be dead，to throw a ball actually at someone，or to kiss someone he has caught．
It appears to us that when children play a game they imagine a situation under their control．Everyone knows the rules，and more importantly，everyone plays according to the rules．Those rules may be childish，but they make sure that every child has a chance to win．



What is true about children when they play games？ ______

A. They don't need rules．
B. They want to pick a better team．
C. They can test their personal abilities．
D. they can stop playing any time they like．

To become a leader in a game the child has to ______ ．

A. play well
B. wait for his turn
C. be confident in himself
D. be popular among his playmates

What do we know about grown-ups？ ______

A. They are not interested in games．
B. They find children's games too easy．
C. They don't need a reason to play games．
D. They don't understand children's games．

Why does a child like playing games？ ______

A. Because he can be someone other than himself．
B. Because he can become popular among friends．
C. Because he finds he is always lucky in games．
D. Because he likes the place where he plays a game．

(2018•山东) 在每小题列出的四个选项中，只有一项符合题目要求，请将符合题目要求的选项字母代号选出，并填涂在答题卡上。
　　The old Roger house had been empty for six months，and finally someone was moving in，Betsy didn’t see any children getting out of the car，just an older woman in a wheelchair. Betsy asked，" Mom，is it alright if I go over to say hello to our new neighborr " " Why don’t you wait until tomorrow ? " said her mom .
　　The next morning they decided to bring some cookies to their new neighbor and introduce themselves，The lady came to the door and said her name was Emily Harris. She invited them into the house，Betsy and her mom introduced themselves and stayed only for a short time ." We don’t want to waste your time，" said Betsy’s mom." If you ever need anything，let us know，" " Thanks so much，" said Miss Harris .
　　After breakfast the next day，Betsy decided to visit Miss Harris again .Betsy rang the doorbell but didn’t get an answer. The door was unlocked，so Betsy looked inside only to see Miss Harris had tried to reach a shelf and had taken a fall next to her wheelchair. Betsy ran to Miss Harris and asked her if she was alright " I think I broke my arm，" said Miss Harris . Betsy called for an ambulance ( 救护车 ).Miss Harris was soon taken to the hospital. When Miss Harris returned home from hospital on Sunday she went to Betsy’s house and thanked her，" You are a very kind girl. I’m so lucky to have bought this house next to you ! " Betsy smiled the biggest smile and said，" Welcome to the neighborhood，"
(1)How long was the Roger house empty ?
A.One week. B.One month. C.Three months. D.Six months.
(2)Who was living in the Roger house ?
A.Betsy and her mom. B.Just Miss Harries.
C.Miss Harries and her brother. D.Miss Harries and a dog.
(3)How did Miss Harries describe Betsy at the end of the story ?
A.Noisy. B.Shy. C.Naughty. D.Kind.
(4)According to the text，we can learn that people in the neighborhood should______.
A.often interrupt others B.help each other
C.share some cookies D.mind their own business
(5)Which of the following might be the best title for the text ?
A.An Old Woman in a Wheelchair. B.Mother and Daughter.
C.Welcome to the Neighborhood. D.Call for an Ambulance.

(2018•山东)
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(2)If you want to rent a one-bedroom apartment，you can call______.
A.555-778-6565 B.555-778-6967 C.555-778-6251 D.555-778-6494
(3)Which of the following is true according to the text ?
A.Steven Fielder’s house is in the south of the city.
B.Jack Brown wants to rent an apartment near a hospital.
C.Mary Smith lost her purse with only an ID card inside.
D.Lily Wang wants to share the apartment with a man.
(4)According to the text，we can learn that______.
A.Steven Field er’s house was built in 2012
B.Jack Brown wants to rent an apartment for a years
C.Lily Wang wants to improve her English
D.Steven Fielder wants to sell his house for 300，000
(5)The adverlisements can probably be found in a______.
A.textbook war B newspaper C.story book D.dictionary

One hundred grandmothers were asked how good manners had changed since they were children， what they expected of their own children when they were growing up and how their grandchildren behave today．
Although the grannies were united in the belief that good manners cost nothing they unwillingly came to the conclusion that all the old little courtesies （礼节） are gradually being erased． Some children are not taught simple good manners by their parents， in the belief that they should be free to express themselves．
Manners at mealtimes revealed the greatest inter-generational difference． While 92 percent of grandparents and 87 percent of their children sat down at the table with all the family to eat at least once a day， nowadays this applies to just 54 percent of children．
Traditional family mealtimes have been on a slippery slope for many years and this survey reveals an apparent corresponding decline in table manners． One grandmother said： My grandchildren have bad table manners as they haven't been taught them by their parents． Only 49 percent of children today have to ask to get down from the table compared with 89 percent of their grandparents and 80 percent of their parents． Keeping your elbows off the table is almost totally unnecessary， with just 19 percent of grandchildren still expected to stick to the old rule． However， some parents are still keeping family mealtimes alive， with even the smallest children joining them at the table in their highchairs whether it is their mealtime or not．
Although some little courtesies may no longer be encouraged today， good old fashioned "please" and "thank you" seem to have weathered the storm． Nevertheless， there has been a big downturn in writing thank you letters， from 86 percent of grandparents to just 35 percent of grandchildren putting pen to paper today．
A final word from one wise grandmother： "If there weren't rules there would be nothing for kids to break， no risk to take， no scars to show for mistakes． Rules let you fly．"



Which of the following would some modern parents most probably agree with？ ______

A. Good manners are very important．
B. Kids should show who they truly are．
C. It is easy for kids to learn good manners．
D. Kids should learn from their grandparents．

According to the survey， 81 percent of kids ______ ．

A. put their elbows on the table
B. usually eat in their highchairs
C. have meals with all the family
D. ask permission to leave the table

What might many kids be encouraged to do？ ______

A. Apologize sincerely face to face．
B. Show appreciation by writing letters．
C. Talk about the weather with strangers．
D. Express thankfulness in spoken words．

What is the author's attitude towards sticking to traditional courtesies？ ______

A. He is uncertain about it．
B. He is mildly critical．
C. He approves of it．
D. He is strongly against it．

Which can be the best title for the text？ ______

A. How to Express Yourself？
B. Change the Unnecessary Rules
C. Are Good Manners a Thing of the Past？
D. Grandmothers Caring for Grandkids

C Most people may think that people who write computer code must be good at math and logical thinking． However， people who write computer code say that creativity is also an important quality for coding．
Software developers in the American state of California have created a game called Osmo Coding Jam． The game is designed to help children use the creative side of their minds as they learn to code． Children can play the game on iPads． There are many activities they can do by the game．
Tanya Dodge is the mother of two children， nine-year-old Dylan and his 11-year-old sister Meghan，who play the game． According to her， these activities give them important skills for the future． "It's an analytical skill that the kids are going to need to have as they grow up today"said Dodge．
But the developers of Osmo Coding Jam believe writing code should be more than just an analytical skill． "We want to explore the creative side of coding that I think is often not as explored，" said Felix Hu， an Osmo engineer． Hu added， "The coolest part is that we're teaching kids how to be creative with code and that's a really important thing that kids should get comfortable with because coding is creative．"
Hu also sees a growing number of parents who feel that software code is a second language that children need to learn to succeed in future jobs． Tanya Dodge， the mother of Dylan and Meghan， consents． She said， "I think you're going to have to understand at some point the idea of coding will work well in the future．"
Hu also explained that very often kids grow up not understanding how a computer works or just thinking that it's like a magical machine． He said by breaking it down to a lower level， kids can understand that the computer isn't as smart as they think it is．



Osmo Coding Jam is designed for ______ ．

A. training kids" logical thinking
B. helping kids learn to code fast
C. helping children learn math well
D. helping kids become more creative

What does Tanya Dodge think of Osmo Coding Jam？ ______

A. It needs to be improved．
B. It is highly addictive for kids．
C. It is of great help to today's kids．
D. It is imperfect in training kids" analytical skill．

Which of the following statements is True according to the text？ ______

A. Tanya Dodge agrees that coding is good for children to succeed in future jobs．
B. Many parents doubts whether coding will help children work well in the future．
C. Creativity is not so important as logical thinking for coding．
D. Tanya Dodge has two girls， who play the game， Osmo Coding Jam．

What can we know about kids" learning coding from the last paragraph？ ______

A. It makes them much more confident and creative．
B. It makes them like using computers more．
C. It helps them know better about computers．
D. It helps them know better about themselves．

What's the author's purpose in writing the passage？ ______

A. To tell how to learn to code well．
B. To tell about a new game for kids．
C. To encourage kids to learn to code．
D. To show the importance of creativity．

Mrs． Jones was my first patient when I started medical school-and I owe her a lot．
She was under my care for the first two years of my medical training， yet I knew very little about her，except that she was thin， perhaps in her mid 70s． It might seem rather negligent not to know the basic facts of my patient ，but I had a valid reason-Mrs． Jones was dead， and had been dead for about three years before I made a patient of her． Mrs． Jones was the dead body that I dissected（解剖）over the first two years of my medical training．
Of course， her name wasn't really Mrs． Jones， but it seemed a little impolite to be conducting research into someone's body without even knowing its name， so out of courtesy， I thought she should have one． "Me and Mrs． Jones， we've got a thing going on，" went the song coming out of the radio as I unzipped the bag of her on my first day - and so she was christened．
As the months passed， I soon forgot that Mrs． Jones had， in fact， once been alive． One day， though， she suddenly became very human again． I'd been dissecting Mrs． Jones a good 18 months before I got around to the uterus（子宫）． After I'd removed it， the professor came up to me， "If you look at the opening carefully， you'll see that the angle indicates that this woman has had several children， probably three．" I stared at it， and I suddenly felt very strange． This woman， who had given me something incredibly precious that I'd begun to take for granted， wasn't a dead body． She was a person， a mother， in fact．
At my graduation， the same professor came over to congratulate me． I explained the story about Mrs． Jones to him， and recalled what he'd told me about her having children and how that had affected me all those years ago．
"Well，" he said， "at the beginning of your training you had a dead body and managed to turn it into a person． Now you're a doctor， the trick is to have a person and not turn them into a dead body，" and he laughed， shook my hand and walked away．



Why didn't the author know much about Mrs． Jones？ ______

A. Because he was irresponsible for his patients．
B. Because he wasn't allowed to ask for her privacy．
C. Because he didn't know her until she passed away．
D. Because he was too careless while dissecting her．

How did Mrs． Jones get her name？ ______

A. It was passed down from the seniors of my school．
B. It came from a song being played when we first met．
C. She was named after a well-known singer I liked best
D. It just occurred to me when I opened the bag of her．

What could be the author's feeling for Mrs． Jones now？ ______

A. Grateful．
B. Pitiless．
C. Hateful．
D. Guilty．

What did the professor imply by his words in the last paragraph？ ______

A. Medical students are able to bring the dead back to life．
B. Being a doctor has nothing to do with the medical training．
C. Good doctors never fail to save their patients from dying．
D. Medical staff ought to have respect for life and humanity．